Download - Acid and Bases
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A : ACIDS AND BASES
B : THE STRENGTH OF ACIDS AND ALKALIS
C : CONCENTRATION OF ACIDS AND ALKALIS
D : NEUTRALISATION
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A : ACIDS AND BASES
• ACIDS
• BASES AND ALKALIS
• USES OF ACIDS, BASES AND ALKALIS
• ROLE OF WATER AND THE PROPERTIES OF ACIDS
• ROLE OF WATER AND THE PROPERTIES OF ALKALIS
• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS
• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALIS
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A : ACIDS AND BASES
Acids is a chemical substance which ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ions, H+
Examples : HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-
Or
H2O HCl H+ + Cl-
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ACIDS EQUATION
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
CH3COOH – Ethanoic acid
HNO3 H+ + NO3-
HNO3 – Nitric acid
H2SO4 – Sulphuric acid
H2SO4 2H+ + SO42-
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ACID
monoprotic diprotic
Basicity – The number of ionisable hydrogen
atoms per molecule of an acid
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Bases is a substance that reacts with an acid to form a salt and water only. Examples: metal hydroxides and metal oxides. ( solid )
BASES
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Bases Acid Equation
Copper (II) oxideCuO
HClCuO (s) + 2HCl(aq)
CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
Potassium oxide, KOH
HClKOH (s) + HCl(aq)
KCl (aq) + H2O(l)
Sodium hydroxide,NaOH
HClNaOH (s) + HCl(aq)
NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
Iron (III) oxide,Fe2O3
HCl Fe2O3 (s) + 6HCl(aq) 2FeCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
What are the product when a base reacts with an acid?
Base + Acid Salt + water
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What happen if these bases are mixed with water?
Bases
Cannot dissolves in water
Can dissolves in water
BaseAlkali
Some bases can dissolve in water and some cannot
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A base is a substance which ionises in water to produce hydroxide ions, OH-
Examples: Sodium hydroxide, NaOH potassium hydroxide, KOH, ammonium hydroxide or ammonia solution, NH4OH and calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
NaOH (aq) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
NH3(g) + H2O (l) ↔ NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
KOH (aq) K+ (aq) + OH-(aq)
Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2(OH)-
ALKALI
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Car battery, detergent and dyes
Jus, carbonic drink, grapes
Dyes, fertiliser, photographic film
Soap and detergent
Antacid and toothpaste
Cement, to neutralise acid soil
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THE ROLE OF WATER IN SHOWINGTHE PROPERTIES OF ACIDIC ANDALKALINE
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To investigate the role of water in showing the properties of acids
A : Glacial ethanoic acid , CH3COOHB : Glacial ethanoic acid , CH3COOH dissolved in dry propanone, CH3COCH3
C : Glacial ethanoic acid ,CH3COOH dissolved in water
A B C
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Without water, an acid still exist as molecules and there are no hydrogen ions, H+ present.
The presence of water, the acid ionizes to form hydrogenions, H+.
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To investigate the role of water in showing the properties of alkalis.
A : Dry ammonia gas, NH3
B : Ammonia, NH3 dissolved in dry propanone,CH3COCH3
C : Ammonia, NH3 dissolved in water
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Without water, NH3 still exist as molecules and there are no hydroxide ions, OH- present.
The presence of water, the alkalis ionizes to form hydroxideions, OH-.
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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
A. ACIDSB. ALKALIS
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Physical properties of acids
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Physical properties of an alkalis
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Chemical properties of acids
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Chemical properties of an alkalis
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B : THE STRENGTH OF ACIDS AND ALKALIS
• THE PH SCALE
• STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS
• STRONG AND WEAK ALKALIS
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THE PH SCALE
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Can you predict what are coloured change if litmus solution is used to each of the test tube?
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A : AlkaliB : AcidC : AcidD : AlkaliE : Neutral
Diagram below shows the observation of each of the solution.Could you predict what are the properties of each of the solution?
The litmus test can tell us whether a substance is acidic or alkaline but it does not tell us how acidic or alkaline it is.
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• Indicators are substances that give a certain colour in acidic or alkaline environment
• The Universal indicator is a mixture of many indicators. It gives a different colour at different pH values.
• The Universal indicator can be used to measure the pH of solution.
PH SCALE
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• pH values are used to express how acidic or alkaline a substance is• The pH value rages from 0 to 14• The lower the pH value, the more acidic it is• The higher the pH value, the more alkaline it is• A neutral solution has a pH of 7
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pH
Power of
Hydrogen ions
• The pH scale is used to indicate the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution• It is used to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+ and hydroxide ions, OH-
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pH indicator
13 7 1 10 7
Could you predict the pH value for each of the solutions?
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Strong and weak acids and alkalis
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HCl H+ + Cl-
Strong Acids
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WEAK ACID : CH3COOH
CH3COOH ↔ CH3COO- + H+
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What is the standard solution?
A standard solution is a solution in which its concentration is accurately known. Its concentration is usually given in mol/dm-3
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To prepare 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol/dm3 of sodium hydroxide solution
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Number of Moles, n1Volume, V1
Number of Moles, n1Volume, V2
Water
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Number of moles before dilution = number of moles after dilution
n1 = n2
M1V1 = M2V2
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = Molarity of solution before water is addedV1 = Volume of solution before water is addedM2 = Molarity of solution after water is addedV2 = Volume of solution after water is added
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7.3.2 : Preparation of standard solution.
1. A solution in which its concentration is accurately known iscalled standard solution.
2. Steps involved in the preparation of a standard solution.
a. Calculate the mass of solute neededb. Weigh out the exact mass of solute needed.c. Dissolve the solute in a small amount of distilled waterd. Transfer the dissolved solute into a suitable volumetric
flask.e. Add enough water to the required volume.
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7.3.3 : Preparation of a solution by dilution method.
1. Dilution is a process of diluting a concentrated solution by adding a solvent such as water to obtain a more diluted solution.
2. Steps involved in the preparation of a dilute solution.
a. Calculate the volume of stock* requiredb. Use a pipette to draw up the required volume of
stock solutionc. Transfer the stock solution to a volumetric flaskd. Add water to bring the level of solution to calibration
mark.e. Shake well to ensure thorough mixing.
*Stock – Water is added into a concentration standardsolution
Refer practical book pg 98
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3. To calculate a new molarity or volume can be determine as follows
Number of moles of solute= Number of moles of solute before dilution after dilution
M1V1 = M2V2
Where,
M1 = Molarity of original solutionV1 = Volume of original solution
M2 = Molarity of new solutionV2 = Volume of new solution
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To prepare 100cm3 of 0.20 moldm-3 sodium hydroxide,NaOH solution
M1 = 0.20
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