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ADVANCED ENGLISHADVANCED ENGLISHFOR ACADEMICFOR ACADEMIC
COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION
ADVANCED ENGLISHADVANCED ENGLISHFOR ACADEMICFOR ACADEMIC
COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION
Lecturer:
En. Hilmi Hamzah
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LETSLETSGETGET
STARTED!STARTED!
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COURSEWORK MARKSCOURSEWORK MARKS
Proposal Presentation (10%) Research Instruments (10%) Consultations (Individual) (10%)
1st Draft of Report (15%) Report Presentation (Ind.) (15%) Final Report (10%)
Final Exam (30%) TOTAL (100%)
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1STWEEKEND1st session
Introduction
Research planning
Research proposal Data collection
2nd session
Proposal Presentation
Consultation 1
(Research instrument) Data processing
Data presentation
Writing ResearchReport
(First 3 chapters)
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BEFORE 2ND WEEKEND
COLLECTION OF DATAComponents:
Introduction Literature Review
Methodology
Submission of 1st draft viae-mail ([email protected])
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2nd WEEKEND3rd session
Consultation 2
(Return 1st draft
First 3 chapters) Report writing
(Final 2 chapters)
4th session
Consultation 3
(Check 1st draft
Final 2 chapters) Oral Presentation &
Listening
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BEFORE 3RD WEEKEND
Submission of Final Draft
via e-mail
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3RD WEEKEND5TH session
Students Oral Presentations Submission of Final Report
Discussion on Sample Exam Paper
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INTRODUCTIONWhat is researchreport writing?
Emotional
VS.Factual
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Writing aResearchReport
ISSUES/PROBLEMS
ConductingA Research
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HOW DO I CONDUCTHOW DO I CONDUCTA RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?
Follow theseFollow these
5 steps!5 steps!
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HOW DO I CONDUCTHOW DO I CONDUCT
A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?1. Identify the Issue or Problem
What do I want to know?
Who are involved?
Where?
Why?
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HOW DO I CONDUCTHOW DO I CONDUCT
A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?2. Determine the Purpose
What exactly do I want to do here?
What is my statement of purpose?
To evaluate? To investigate?
To compare? To describe?
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HOW DO I CONDUCTHOW DO I CONDUCT
A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?3. Draw a Plan or a Strategy
Who, where and what are going to be
involved in the research? How do I collect the data?
What are the deadlines?
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HOW DO I CONDUCTHOW DO I CONDUCT
A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?4. Search and Collect the Data
Do I need primary data?
Do I need secondary data?
What are the instruments to be usedto collect the data?
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HOW DO I CONDUCTHOW DO I CONDUCT
A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?5. Analyze Data
How do I process, record, analyze
and interpret the data? How do I make connections among
the data?
How do I draw conclusions from thedata?
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RESEARCHRESEARCHPROPOSALPROPOSAL
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WHAT IS A RESEARCH
PROPOSAL?
A Plan of Action
Why? To seek funding
To seek commitment
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2 TYPES OF PROPOSAL2 TYPES OF PROPOSAL
INTERNAL
VS.EXTERNAL
SOLICITED
VS.UNSOLICITED
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10 COMPONENTS OF A10 COMPONENTS OF A
PROPOSALPROPOSAL1.Title
2.Background Information3.Statement of Problem
4.Research Objectives
5.Research Questions
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10 COMPONENTS OF A10 COMPONENTS OF A
PROPOSAL (Contd)PROPOSAL (Contd)6. Significance of the Study
7. Scope8. Methodology
9. Work Schedule
10. Call to Action
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DATADATACOLLECTIONCOLLECTION
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WHAT ISWHAT IS
DATA COLLECTION?DATA COLLECTION? A process of collecting data (primary
& secondary) from different sources
PRIMARY DATA obtained throughquestionnaires, interviews,observations & experiments
SECONDARY DATA obtainedthrough reading others works
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COLLECTINGCOLLECTING
SECONDARY DATASECONDARY DATA Conducted at the beginning of a
research to get a better picture of
what you are going to investigate Gathered from various written
resources (offline/online) Used in various sections of research
report esp. Literature Review Must be properly cited
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COLLECTINGCOLLECTING
PRIMARY DATAPRIMARY DATAFOUR INSTRUMENTS:
1.QUESTIONNAIRES2.INTERVIEW
3.OBSERVATION4.EXPERIMENTS
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1.QUESTIONNAIRES A systematic compilation of questions
distributed to respondents fromwhich information is needed
Administered through survey, mail,telephone & internet
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2 TYPES OF QUESTIONS
1. Open-ended Questions
2. Close-ended QuestionsYes/No
Scale
Listing/ChoiceRanking
Category
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2.INTERVIEW A two-communication which permitsan exchange of ideas and
information 3 types of interviews:1.1. StructuredStructured2. Semi2. Semi--structuredstructured3. Unstructured3. Unstructured
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3.OBSERVATION
To get firsthand information To strengthen existing data
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4.EXPERIMENTS
To test various techniques,assumptions or products(esp. in engineering &
agriculture)
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SAMPLING &SAMPLING &
POPULATIONPOPULATION SAMPLING a group of respondents
who provide information that may be
generalised to general population POPULATION a target group to
which the results of a research are
applicable
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2 TYPES OF2 TYPES OF
SAMPLINGSAMPLINGRANDOM Respondents are
selected randomlywithout criteria
3 Categories:
Simple
Stratified Cluster
NON-RANDOM
Respondents areselected based oncertain criteria
3 Categories:
Systematic
Convenience Purposive
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DATADATA
PROCESSINGPROCESSING
& DATA& DATAPRESENTATIONPRESENTATION
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WHAT IS DATAWHAT IS DATA
PROCESSING?PROCESSING? To convert raw data into meaningfulstatements that could help answer
research questions Raw data are systematically
organised so that their meanings can
be understood Procedures for quantitative and
qualitative data are different
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3 STAGES3 STAGES
(QUANTITATIVE DATA)(QUANTITATIVE DATA)1.1. ORGANISING, RECORDINGORGANISING, RECORDING
AND CATEGORISINGAND CATEGORISINGAND/OR CODINGAND/OR CODING
2.2. PRESENTINGPRESENTING
3.3. ANALYSINGANALYSING
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1.ORGANISING, RECORDING &1.ORGANISING, RECORDING &
CATEGORISING AND/OR CODINGCATEGORISING AND/OR CODING Organise manually or using computer
Record using keyword
Categorise to see the picture Coding helps processing the data
statistically (using SPSS)
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2.PRESENTING2.PRESENTING
Turn data into comprehensiblepictures through
1. Table2. Graph
3. Chart
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3.ANALYSING3.ANALYSING
Analyse manually or using computer
Involves the interpretation offrequencies based on datapresentation
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3 STAGES3 STAGES
(QUALITATIVE DATA)(QUALITATIVE DATA)1.1. ORGANISING,ORGANISING,
CATEGORISING AND/ORCATEGORISING AND/ORCODING, AND RECORDINGCODING, AND RECORDING
2.2. PRESENTINGPRESENTING
3.3. ANALYSINGANALYSING
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1.ORGANISING,1.ORGANISING,
CATEGORISING AND/OR CODING,CATEGORISING AND/OR CODING,
Organise by using transcriptions
Categorise by listing the responses
Coding by using flexible codes
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2.PRESENTING2.PRESENTING
Usually presented in original forms Can also be presented using tables
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3.ANALYSING3.ANALYSING
Involves finding commonalities,regularities or emerging patternsamong the responses
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WRITINGWRITINGRESEARCHRESEARCH
REPORTREPORT
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3 SECTIONS
1.1.PRELIMINARYPRELIMINARY
2.2.MAINMAIN
3.3.SUPPLEMENTARYSUPPLEMENTARY
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1.PRELIMINARY1.PRELIMINARY Title Page
Abstract
Acknowledgement Table of Content
List of Figures/ Tables
List of Abbreviation & Symbols
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3.SUPPLEMENTARY3.SUPPLEMENTARY References
Appendices
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1.INTRODUCTION1.INTRODUCTION
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7 ELEMENTS7 ELEMENTS
1. Background of the Study
2. Statement of Problem
3. Purpose of the Study4. Research Objectives
5. Research Questions
6. Significance of the Study7. Scope of the Study
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1.Background
of the StudyThree steps:
1. To state general statements of
facts related to the field of study2. To state specific statements about
issues studied by other researchers
3. To state statements that indicatethe need for more investigation
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2.Statement of Problem
To define the issue or probleminvestigated in the study
To refer to problem statement in theproposal
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3.Purpose of the Study
To include a broad discussion on thereasons why the study was carriedout and intentions of the study
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4.Research Objectives
To show the extent and theexpected outcome of the study
To begin with a leading statementfollowed by the objectives written inpoint forms
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5.Research Questions
To guide the discussion about thetopic
To stimulate readers interests To turn the objectives of the study
into research questions
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6.Significance
of the Study Tojustify the reason for conducting
the study
To emphasize the potential benefitsthat it would bring
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7.Scope of the Study To indicate the direction of the study
To map out the boundaries of the study To outline the method of investigation
To give a preview of the written report
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2.LITERATURE2.LITERATUREREVIEWREVIEW
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WHAT IS
LITERATURE REVIEW? It is an account of what has beenpublished on a research area
It describes, summarizes, evaluatesand clarifies the studies reviewed
It outlines a framework and a
theoretical base of a research
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WHY?
To guide you through others works To prepare for your own research
To provide a context for your research
Tojustify the research To illustrate how the subject has been
studied before
To outline gaps in previous research
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HOW DO I DO IT?
Identify relevant articles and books
Read and appraise the text critically
Organise the literature around yourresearch questions
Synthesize relevant information tocurrent study
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5 GENERAL STEPS
1. Prepare annotated bibliography2. Maintain a reference list
3. Organise materials and make notes
4. Write individual sections accordingto themes
5. Integrate all sections
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HOW DO I CITE
IN A REPORT?THREE WAYS:
1. SUMMARIZING1. SUMMARIZING2. DIRECT QUOTATION2. DIRECT QUOTATION
3. PARAPHRASING3. PARAPHRASING
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1. SUMMARIZING1. SUMMARIZING It is a shortened piece of writing byrestating main points in your own
words General ideas are highlighted
Details & examples are excluded
2 DIRECT2 DIRECT
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2. DIRECT2. DIRECT
QUOTATIONQUOTATION Authors exact words are copieddirectly from original sources
It is preferred when citing powerfulphrases or interpreting literaryworks like poems or plays
Sources must be properly cited
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3. PARAPHRASING3. PARAPHRASING Authors words are rephrased/reworded in your own words
Paraphrased text is usuallyshorterthan original text
Paraphrased materials must be
properly cited
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3.METHODOLOGY3.METHODOLOGY
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FIVE PARTSFIVE PARTS
1. IntroductionIntroduction (Short description ofpurpose, location, respondents &instruments)
2. Research InstrumentsInstruments3. RespondentsRespondents of the Study
4. Research ProcedureProcedure
5. Data AnalysisAnalysis