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Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
Chapter SevenMs. TullyAP World History
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Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid ErasAbbasid rule 750-
1258 CEDecline and distress
apparent by mid 9th century
Sumptuous living, civil war drain treasury
Shi’a revolts, assassination attempts against Abbasid officials
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Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid ErasPeasant revolts about
increasing taxes Rise of mercenary
armiesFreedom and
influence of women declined
Abbasid wealth generated large demand for concubines and male slaves
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Divisions Within the Empire Provinces
became independent kingdoms by mid 10th C
945 – Buyids of Persia capture Baghdad
Seljuk Turks defeat Buyids in 1055 CE
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The Impact of the Christian Crusades
1096 CE – Christian Crusaders invade Muslim territory
Eight Crusades over two centuries
Under Saladin Muslim recaptured crusader kingdoms in 12th century
Intense European borrowing from Muslim world
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The Islamic Golden Age Political decline and
social turmoil were offset for many by the urban affluence, inventiveness, and artistic creativity of the Abbasid Age
Flourishing of tradeRise of Persian
literature – Rubaiyat by Oman Khayyam, Shah-Nama by Firdawsi
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The Islamic Golden Age Major
developments in math and science
Al-Razi and Chemistry
Developments in medicine
Influx of Chinese technology
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Religious Trends and New Invasions Ulama – Orthodox Muslim scholars
increasingly hostile to non-islamic ideas and scientific thinking
Sufism (Sufis) – reaction against impersonal/abstract Islam
13th C – Rise of the MongolsHulegu led Mongol assault on
Baghdad – 1258 sackedMongols expansion stopped by
Mamluks
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The Coming of Islam to South Asia
Hinduism – adaptable, tolerant, flexibleIslam – very different from Hinduism8th C – Muslim traders bring Islam to India 711 – Sind (NW province) conquered962 – Mahmud of Ghanzi led expeditions
into N. IndiaMuhammad of Ghur – Conquered lots of
Indian territory 1206 – Creation of Delhi Sultanate by
Qutb-ub-din Aibak
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Islam in IndiaIslamic civilization
was enriched by Indian culture, while Indian achievements were passed to Arabs
Colonies of Arabs along coastline
Conversions usually won peacefully – Sufi missionaries, merchants
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Islam in IndiaConverts usually
Buddhist or low-caste groups
Hinduism not strongly impacted by Islam
Islam succumbs to caste system; could not eradicate it
Unfortunate consequences for women
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The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia Islam introduced by Arab
merchant sailors in 7th & 8th Centuries
Collapse of Shrivijaya empire in 13th C opened door for Islam
Islam grew through peaceful contact and voluntary conversion
Sufi allowed fusion of pre-Islamic beliefs with Islam
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Global ConnectionsDespite the political instability of the
Abbasids, Islam’s central position in global history was solidified.
Social strife and political divisions VS. expanding trade and intellectual creativity.
Islam brought a global culture to nomadic peoples in South and Southeast Asia.
The spread of Islam helps to create trade connections between various regions.
Islamic cultural contributions range from intellectual discoveries to universities.