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A Spatio-temporal Scientometrics Framework
for Measuring the Citation Impact of
Publications and Scientists
Song Gao, Yingjie Hu, Krzysztof Janowicz, Grant Mckenzie
Space and Time Knowledge Organization Lab (STKO)
University of California Santa Barbara
http://stko.geog.ucsb.edu
Gao, S., Hu, Y., Janowicz, K., & McKenzie, G. (2013, November). A spatiotemporal scientometrics framework for
exploring the citation impact of publications and scientists. In Proceedings of the 21st ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems(pp. 204-213). ACM.
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“Knowledge is power.”
not only about knowledge itself
but also about how it spreads out.
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Motivation
• Publication citations have great meanings
– Quality of the research
– Recognition among the research community
– Influence of a research
– Evaluation of a individual researcher
e.g. h-index
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Motivation
• Web of Science
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Motivation
• Google Scholar
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Motivation
• Microsoft Academic Search
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Motivation
• The number of citations has often been used to
measure the influence of scientific publications.
• Question: Can we know the spatial impact of a
paper by just looking at only a number?
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STKO Citation Map
• - Searching publications using keywords or author names
• - Geolocating publications according to the first author’s institution
• - Visualizing how a publication is cited by researchers in different countries over the years
• - Discovering potential collaborators in different regions who have cited your publication frequently
• - Sharing the spatial patterns of your citations with your friends on social media (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, and Google Plus)
http://stko-work.geog.ucsb.edu:8080/map/
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Data sources
• Publication, citation, and author’s information
are provided by Microsoft Academic Search.
• Basemap data is from OpenStreetMap, and
rendered by CloudMade.
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Spatial-temporal Analysis of
Scientometrics
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Related work
• Scientific activities such as co-publication,
citation, and labor mobility display clear spatial
patterns (Frenken et al., 2009)
• The publications are highly clustered in a few
countries and co-publications tend to occur
domestically rather than internationally.
• Glänzel (2001) and Leydesdorff (2010)
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Related work• Prof. Michael Batty: The Geography of Scientific Citation
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Related Work
Börner, K., Penumarthy, S., Meiss, M., & Ke, W. (2006). Mapping the diffusion of scholarly knowledge among major US research institutions. Scientometrics,68(3), 415-426.
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Insights
• Discussions about spatio-temporal patterns
• The role of distance in citation patterns
• Geospatial citation index (s-index) for
individual researchers
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For Publications
(1) Categorical Place Impact
(2) Spatio-Temporal Density Estimation
(3) Cartograms
(4) Distance Distribution Curves of Citations
(5) Spatial Point Pattern Analysis
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(1) Categorical Place Impact
• Quantitatively measure geospatial impact
based on the hierarchical structure of places
• Granularity: institution, ZIP, town/city,
county/province, state, country
– Addr. Extraction: e.g., Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, CA 93106, United States.
– Reverse-Geocoding: (lat: 34.41254, long: -119.84813)
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Temporal Trends
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(2) Spatio-Temporal Kernel Density
Estimation (STKDE)
n: the number of citations, hs and ht are the spatial and temporal bandwidths. ks and kt are kernel functions for multivariate probability density estimation withgiven bandwidths hs and ht
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(2) Spatio-Temporal Kernel Density
Estimation (STKDE)
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Spatio-Temporal Citation Mean Centers
e.g., Berners-Lee, T., Hendler, J., & Lassila, O. (2001). The semantic web. Scientific american, 284(5).
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(3) Citation Cartogram
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(4) Citation Distance Distributions
• Probability density functions (PDF)
• Cumulative distribution functions (CDF)
C(D) = Nc * Prob(D <= d)
we compare the pairwise citation at given distance intervals from CDFs and get the corresponding counts of citations, denoted as (Cp; dp), i.e., Cp citations occur within the pquantile distance dp.
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(5) Spatial Point Pattern Analysis
• mean of citation-to-nearest-citation distance
(MC2NCD)
• average-nearest-neighbor-distance (ANND) index
complete spatial randomness (CSR)
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Experiments
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Categorical Places of Citations
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Categorical Places of Citations
a*Nc1.71
b*Nc1.76
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Individual Researchers
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h-index (Hirsch, 2005)
h ≈ 12 might be a typical value for advancement to tenure
(associate professor)
h ≈ 18 might be a typical value for advancement to full
professor.
h ≈ 45 membership in the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America
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Geospatial Index (s-index)
• A scientist has a geospatial-index s_country if s of his or her Np papers have been cited in at least s countries.
• A scientist has a geospatial-index s_city if s of his or her Np papers have been cited in at least sα
cities/towns.
• A scientist has a geospatial-index s_institution if s of his or her Np papers have been cited in at least sβ
institutions.
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Conclusions and Future Work
• Provide an alternative way to explore the citation
impact of publications and researchers
• Citation Map REST Web Services for researchers
• Domain-based citation data analysis
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Citation MapSTKO Citation Map, UC Santa Barbara
Thanks for your attention!
http://stko-work.geog.ucsb.edu:8080/map/