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Definition
shaking of the ground
caused by the sudden breaking and
shifting of large sections of Earth's rocky
outer shell.
Source: http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/earthquake_worldbook.html
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Types of Earthquake and its Causes
Tectonic Earthquake
Volcanic Earthquake
Volcano-tectonic Earthquake Long Period Earthquake
Explosion Earthquake
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Tectonic Earthquake
Caused by movement in the earths
Tectonic Plates
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Volcanic Earthquake
Related to volcanic activity
2 categories: Volcano-Tectonic Earthquake
Long Period Earthquake
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Volcano-Tectonic Earthquake
Produced by stress changes in solid
rock due to the injection or withdrawal ofmagma
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Long Period Earthquake
Produced by the injection of magma into
surrounding rock
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Explosion Earthquake
Caused by a pressure wave from an
underground explosion
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Measuring Earthquakes
Magnitude
Intensity
Instruments
Seismograph
Richter Scale
Mercalli Intensity Scale
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Seismograph
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Richter Scale
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Mercalli Intensity Scale
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Signs of Earthquake Occurrence
Scientific
Thermal Precursor
Water Precursor
Seismo-Electromagnetic Precursor
Non-Scientific
Animal Precursor
Human Precursor
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Effects of Earthquake
Shaking and ground rupture
Landslides and Avalanches
Fire
Soil Liquefaction
Tsunami
Flood
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Interventions
Before an Earthquake
During an Earthquake
Triangle of Life
After an Earthquake
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Triangle of Life
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Effects of Earthquakes:
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Definition
Pronunciation: \(t)su- n-m\
A very large ocean wave that is causedby an underwater earthquake or
volcanic eruption
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Types of Tsunami
Tidal Wave
Tidal Bore
Internal Waves/ Underwater Waves
Storm Waves/ Sea Surges
Seiche
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Tidal Wave
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Tidal Bore
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Internal Waves/ Underwater Waves
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Storm Waves/ Sea Surges
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Seiche
*Hypolimnion
The layer of water in a thermally stratified lake that lies below the
thermocline, is noncirculating, and remains perpetually cold.
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Prediction of a Tsunami
Visual Cues
Satellite Data
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Measuring a Tsunami
Intensitylevel
Height
inmeters
DescriptionFrequency in the
Pacific region
1 2Moderate with flooding ogently sloping coasts, slightdamage.
f1 per 8 months
2 4Large with flooding of shore,some light damage tostructures.
1 every year
3 8Very large with general
flooding and heavy damageto shoreline structures.
1 every 3 years
4 16
Disastrous with almost
complete destruction of structures.
1 every 10 years
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Interventions
Before a Tsunami
After a Tsunami
*what to do in a Tsunami?
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Effects of Earthquake:
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Definition
Downward and outward movement of
slope-forming materials including rock,soil, artificial fill, or a combination
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Fall
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Topple
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Flow
5 Categories of Flow:
Debris Flow Debris Avalanche
Earth Flow
Mud Flow
Creep
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Debris Flow
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Debris Avalanche
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Earth Flow
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Mud Flow
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Creep
3 types
Seasonal
Continuous
Progressive
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Slide
3 types of Slide:
Rotational Slide Transitional Slide
Block Slide
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Spread
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Causes of Landslides
Undercutting of a slope by stream
erosion, wave action, glaciers, or humanactivity such as road building
Intense or prolonged rainfall, rapid
snowmelt, or sharp fluctuations in
ground-water levels
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Causes of Landslides
Shocks or vibrations caused by
earthquakes or construction activity
Loading on upper slopes
A combination of these and other factors.
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Landslide Warning Signs
Springs, seeps, or saturated ground in
areas that have not typically been wetbefore.
New cracks or unusual bulges in the ground
Soil moving away from foundations.
Structures tilting and/or moving
Sunken or down-dropped road beds.
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Landslide Warning Signs
Rapid increase in creek water levels, possibly
accompanied by increased turbidity (soilcontent).
Sudden decrease in creek water levels though
rain is still falling or just recently stopped.
A faint rumbling sound that increases in volume
is noticeable as the landslide nears. Unusual sounds might indicate moving debris.
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Measuring Landslide Intensity
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Interventions
Before a Landslide
During a Landslide
After a Landslide
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Prepared by:
Section AGroup A1
Group A2