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• A rebel among rebels.
• Contrast with Yeats and the
other literary contemporaries
who tried to rediscover the Irish
Celtic identity.
The Joyces in Paris
James Joyce (1882-1941)
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The Joyces in Paris
• He had two children, Giorgio
and Lucia, with his long-time
partner, Nora Barnacle, whom
he eventually married.
• He left Dublin at the age of
twenty-two and he settled for
some time in Paris, then in
Rome, Trieste, where he made
friends with Italo Svevo, and
Zurich.
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• The setting of most of his works Ireland, especially Dublin.
• He rebelled against the Catholic Church.
• All the facts explored from different points of view simultaneously.
. The most important features of Joyce’s works
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• Greater importance given to the inner world of the characters.
• Time perceived as subjective.
• His task to render life objectively.
. The most important features of Joyce’s works
Isolation and detachment of the artist from society
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Realism
Disciplined prose
Different points of view
Free-direct speech
Dubliners
. The evolution of Joyce’s style
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• Published in 1914 on the newspaper The Irish Homestead by Joyce with the pseudonym Stephen Dedalus.
. Dubliners
• Dubliners are described as afflicted people.
• All the stories are set in Dublin “The city seemed to me the centre of paralysis”, Joyce stated.
Nassau Street, Dublin, early 20th century
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• The stories present human situations• They are arranged into 4 groups:
The Sisters
An Encounter
Araby
After the Race
The Boarding House
Eveline
Two Gallants
A Little Cloud
Clay
Counterparts
A Painful Case
Ivy Day in the Committee Room
A Mother
Grace
Mature life Public lifeAdolescenceChildhood
DUBLINParalysis / Escape
. Dubliners: structure and style
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• Naturalistic, concise, detailed descriptions.
• Naturalism combined with symbolism double meaning of details.
• Each story opens in medias res and is mostly told from the perspective of a character.
• Use of free-direct speech and free-direct thought direct presentation of the character’s thoughts.
7. Dubliners: narrative technique and themes
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. Dubliners: narrative technique and themes
• Different linguistic registers the language suits the age, the social class and the role of the characters.
• Use of epiphany “the sudden spiritual manifestation” of an interior reality.
• Themes paralysis and escape.
• Absence of a didactic and moral aim because of the impersonality of the artist.
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Joyce’s aim to take the reader beyond the usual aspects of life through epiphany.
. Dubliners: epiphany
It is the special moment in which a trivial gesture, an external object or a banal situation or an episode lead the character to a sudden
self-realisation about himself / herself or about the reality surrounding him / her.
Understanding the epiphany in each story is the key to the story itself
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. Dubliners: paralysis
• The climax of the stories the coming to awareness by the characters of their own paralysis.
• Alternative to paralysis = escape which always leads to failure.
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• The story opens in medias res “She sat at the window watching the evening invade the avenue”
• Third-person narrator but Eveline’s point of view.
• Subjective perception of time.
Dubliners: Eveline
Structure and style
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• The protagonists: Gabriel Conroy, an embodiment of Joyce himself, and Gretta, his wife.
• Epiphany the song The Lass of Aughrim, reminds Gretta of a young man, Michael Furey, who died for her when he was seventeen years old. Gabriel understands he is deader than Michael Furey in Gretta’s mind.
• Symbols the snow, Gabriel’s journey to the west.
Dubliners: The Dead
Angelica Huston in John Huston’s The Dead (1987)
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. The evolution of Joyce’s style
Interior monologue with two levels of narration
Extreme interior monologue
Ulysses
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Victorian novel Ulysses
Setting in time and place
Victorian towns (London); English countryside
Dublin
Narrative technique Third-person narrative technique
Stream-of-consciousness technique
Subject matter Realistic, naturalistic The character’s mind
Characters Presented from the outside
Presented from the inside
Language Realistic and concrete Language of the mind
Ulysses and the Victorian novel
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Published in 1922.
Setting in time a single day,
Thursday 16th June, 1904.
The setting in place Dublin.
A detailed account of ordinary life on an ordinary day.
The theme is moral human life means suffering but also struggling to seek the good.
. Ulysses
Ulysses, London, Egoist Press, 1922 (first English edition, printed in France).
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Leopold Bloom Joyce's
common man; he stands for the
whole of mankind.
Molly Bloom Leopold’s wife; she
stands for flesh, sensuality,
fecundity.
Stephen Dedalus pure intellect;
he embodies every young man
seeking maturity.
. Ulysses: characters
Poster for Sean Walsh’s Bloom (2003)
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Odyssey a structural framework for Ulysses.
Characters and events arranged around Homeric model Leopold = OdysseusMolly = PenelopeStephen = Telemachus
• Ulysses is divided into Telemachiad (chapters 1-3)Odyssey (chapters 4-15)Nostos (chapters 16-18)
. Ulysses: the relation to Odyssey
Head of Odysseus from a Greek 2nd century BC marble group representing Odysseus blinding Polyphemus, found at the villa of Tiberius at Sperlonga.
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It allowed the parallel with the Odyssey and provided the book with
a symbolic meaning.
Homer’s myth used to express the universal in the particular.
It created a new form of realism.
. Ulysses: the mythical method
o psychologyo ethnologyo anthropology
It was linked to the progress made by:
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The stream of consciousness technique The cinematic technique
Dramatic dialogueJuxtaposition of eventsQuestion and answers
The language rich in puns, paradoxes, images, interruptions, symbols, slang expressions; different linguistic registers to give voice to the unspoken activity of the mind.
. Ulysses: a revolutionary prose
Collage technique
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• Use of interior monologue 2 levels of narration.
1st level: actions narrated from the outside neutral point of view.
2nd level: Leopold’s thoughts Bloom’s point of view
The action takes place in his mind.
There is no difference between past, present and future.
11. Ulysses: The Funeral Part III
Leopold attends a funeral.
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Use of extreme interior monologue.
Molly’s thoughts are free to move backwards (“they called it on…”) and forwards in time (“shall I wear…”).
Complete absence of punctuation and introductions to people and events, spelling and grammar mistakes they give voice to her flow of thoughts.
. Ulysses: Molly’s monologue
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Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)
Her father Leslie Stephen was an eminent Victorian man of letters.
She grew up in a literary and intellectual atmosphere with free access to her father’s library
Childhood experiences of death and sexual abuse led to depression
the death of her motherwhen she was 13
her stepbrothers
Leslie Stephen with Virginia Woolf.
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. Literary career
The Bloomsbury Group In 1904
she moved to Bloomsbury and became a
member of the Bloomsbury Group. This
meant the rejection of traditional morality
and artistic convention.
Experimentation best known as one
of the great experimental novelists during
the modernist period.
Only Connect ... New Directions
The Bloomsbury Group
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• Main aim to give voice to the complex inner world of feeling and memory.
• The human personality a continuous shift of impressions and emotions.
• Narrator disappearance of the omniscient narrator.
• Point of view shifted inside the characters’ minds through flashbacks, associations of ideas, momentary impressions presented as a continuous flux.
. A modernist novelist
Vanessa Bell, Mrs St John Hutchinson, 1915, Tate Gallery, London
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. Mrs Dalloway (1925)• Takes place on a single ordinary day
in June 1923.
• Follows the protagonist through a very small area of London, from the morning to the night of the day on which she gives a large formal party.
• Clarissa Dalloway’s party is the climax of the novel and unifies the narrative by gathering all the people she thinks about during the day.
Cover for the first edition of Mrs. Dalloway, London, Hogarth Press,
1925.
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• A London society lady of fifty-one, the wife of a Conservative MP, Richard Dalloway, who has conventional views on women’s rights.
• Had a possessive father, refused Peter Walsh, a man who would force her to share everything.
Clarissa Dalloway
Vanessa Redgrave as Mrs. Dalloway in Marleen Gorris’s 1997 film adaptation
. Mrs Dalloway (1925)
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• Characterized by opposing feelings: her need for freedom and independence and her class consciousness.
• Her life appears to be an effort towards order and peace, an attempt to overcome her weakness and sense of failure.Vanessa Redgrave as Mrs. Dalloway in Marleen
Gorris’s 1997 film adaptation
. Mrs Dalloway (1925)
Clarissa Dalloway
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. Mrs Dalloway (1925)
Septimus Warren Smith
• A young poet and lover of
Shakespeare.
• When the war broke out,
enlisted for patriotic reasons.
• An extremely sensitive man who
can suddenly fall prey to panic
and fear, or feelings of guilt.
Rupert Graves as Septimus in Marleen Gorris’s 1997 film adaptation
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. Mrs Dalloway (1925)
Septimus Warren Smith
• A character specifically
connected with the war.
• Suffers from headaches and
insomnia.
• Finally commits suicide.Rupert Graves as Septimus in Marleen Gorris’s 1997 film adaptation
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1. Woolf vs Joyce
Woolf’s stream of consciousness
Joyce’s stream of consciousness
never lets her characters’ thoughts flow without control,
maintains logical and grammatical organisation
characters show their thoughts directly through
interior monologue, sometimes in an incoherent and
syntactically unorthodox way
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Moments of being Epiphanies
Rare moments of insight during the characters’ daily
life when they can see reality behind appearances
The sudden spiritual manifestation caused by a trivial gesture, an external object the character is
led to a self-realization about himself/herself
2. Woolf vs Joyce