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A Rapid Graphical Programming
Approach to SDR Design and Prototyping
with LabVIEW and the USRP
Filip Langenaken
Academic Program Manager
Benelux & Nordic
National Instruments
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• Low cost , PC-hosted RF Transceiver for software defined radio prototyping and exploration
• Real-time processing: Gigabit Ethernet link streams live data for real time processing on a Windows-based host computer running LabVIEW
• Hardware and software are easy to install, connect, and learn
NI-USRP: a Platform for SDR Design,
Prototyping and Exploration
NI-219x
RF Transceiver
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Demo: Packet-based Transceiver
NI USRP-2190
Receiver
• USRP control (Tx & Rx)
• Modulate Tx signal
• Demodulate Rx signal
• Reconstruct message
NI USRP-2190
Transmitter RF Signal
915MHz , PSK packets, 400kbps
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Demo: Packet-based Transceiver
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Agenda
• Background
• NI USRP hardware / software components
• Getting started with NI USRP
• SDR with NI USRP
• Resources
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National Instruments: Key Stats
• Founded in 1976, HQ in Austin, TX
• 30+ years growth and profitability
• $873M revenue in 2010 (+29% YOY), 17% operating income
• $255M revenue in Q3 2011 (+16% YOY)
• 6,000+ employees, Operations in 50+ countries
• FORTUNE’s “100 Best Companies to Work For” list for 12 consecutive years
• FORTUNE’s “25 Best Multinational Companies to Work For” 2011
• Strong investment in R&D
• Over 30,000 customers, Over 7,000 universities
Reven
ue in
Millio
ns
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Graphical System Design
The National Instruments Vision
Real-Time Systems
Embedded Monitoring Hardware-in-the-loop
Test and Measurement Automated Test Data Acquisition Reconfigurable Instruments
Industrial & Embedded Industrial Control (PAC)
Machine Control Electronic Devices
Software-Defined Radio
“To do for embedded what the PC did for the desktop.”
“To do for test and measurement what the spreadsheet did
for financial analysis.”
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NI RF 6-GHz
Peer-to-Peer
FPGA
RIO Host
Embedded, PC
RF RIO NI FlexRIO
NI-USRP for
LabVIEW
NI RF VSG,
VSA
NI Platforms for RF/Communications
NI USRP-29xx
Powered by Ettus Research
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Gigabit Ethernet
Connectivity Plug-and-play capability
Up to 20 MS/s baseband
IQ streaming
Tunable RF Transceiver
Front Ends Frequency Ranges
50 MHz – 2.2 GHz (NI-2920)
2.4 GHz & 5.5 GHz (NI-2921)
Signal Processing
and Synthesis NI LabVIEW to develop
and explore algorithms
NI Modulation Toolkit to
synthesize and process
live signals
Applications FM Radio
TV
GPS
GSM
ZigBee®
Safety Radio
OFDM
Passive Radar
Dynamic Spectrum Access
NI USRP
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NI USRP enables Host-based Processing
RF Transceiver
Baseband IQ Host-based Processing
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A Compiled Graphical Development Environment
• Intuitive graphical dataflow programming environment with integrated .m file script textual math
• Functionality tailored for science and engineering
• 750+ functions for signal processing, analysis, and mathematics
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Hardware APIs
Programming Approaches
Analysis Libraries
Deployment Targets
A Highly Productive Graphical Development Environment for Engineers and Scientists
Custom User Interfaces
Technology Abstractions
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From Concept to Prototype … Rapidly!
Concept Design
Language Prototype
Bits I QBits Bits
Bits I QBitsBits
Cha
nnel
Dow
ncon
vers
ion
Dem
odul
atio
n
Cha
nnel
Dec
odin
g
Sou
rce
Dec
odin
gS
ourc
e C
odin
g
Mod
ulat
ion
Upc
onve
rsio
n
Cha
nnel
Cod
ing
Simulation
Data Flow C Code Textual Math Simulation Statechart
Graphical System Design
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LabVIEW
`̀
Real-Time
LabVIEW
Desktop
LabVIEW
FPGA
LabVIEW
MPU/MCU
System Design to Deployment
Personal Computers PXI Systems CompactRIO Single-Board RIO
Dataflow C / HDL Code Textual Math Simulation Statechart
Custom Design
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Large Telescope Mirror Control
Tokamak Plasma Control
CERN Large Hadron Collider
Early Cancer Detection
Solving the Toughest Problems on Earth
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The LabVIEW Environment “VI” = program or function
“Front Panel” = user interface “Block Diagram” = code
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Controls & Indicators
• Knobs/Dials
• Graphs/Charts
• Buttons
• Digital Displays
• Sliders
• Thermometers
• Customize and
create your own
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Interactivity
Problem Definition
Concept Demos
Computational Exploration
Design
Interactive Analysis
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Demo: Simple USRP-based Receiver
Gigabit Ethernet Connection to Host Computer
NI USRP-2190 Receiver
• USRP control (Tx & Rx) • Inline Processing / Display
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The G Programming Language
• An intuitive visual representation maps functional blocks to concepts
• Modular and hierarchical
• High-level tools and building blocks
• Reuse external code
• Compiles to machine code
• Directly represents parallel, multithreaded, distributed systems
y[n] = 0.5x2[n] + x[n] + 0.1Un[n]
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Functions and Express VIs
Configuration Based
Express VI
Standard VIs
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Wires and Data Types
• Transfer data between block diagram objects
through wires
• Wires are different colors, styles, and thicknesses,
depending on their data types
• A broken wire appears as a dashed
black line with a red X in the middle
Scalar 1D Array 2D Array
DBL Numeric Integer Numeric String
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Data Flow Sets Execution Order
• Block diagram execution order depends on the flow of data
• Block diagram does NOT execute left to right
• Nodes executes when data is available to ALL input terminals
• Nodes supply data to all output terminals when done
• If the computer running this code had multiple processors, these two pieces of code could run independently without additional coding
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Execution Control Structures
While Loop For Loop
Run until stop
condition met Run N times
• Allow same piece of code to run multiple times
• Exit conditions different for each
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Modularity and SubVIs
26
Function Code Calling Program Code function average (in1, in2, out)
{
out = (in1 + in2)/2.0;
}
main
{
average (point1, point2,
pointavg);
}
SubVI Block Diagram Calling VI Block Diagram
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Demo: Simple USRP-based Receiver
• with Spectrum Analysis
Gigabit Ethernet Connection to Host Computer
NI USRP-2190 Receiver
• USRP control (Rx) • Inline Processing / Display
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• Signal Processing & Analysis – Waveform Generation
– Waveform Conditioning
– Waveform Monitoring
– Waveform Measurements
– Signal Generation
– Signal Operations
– Windows
– Digital Filters
– Spectral Analysis
– Transforms
– Point-by-Point
• Mathematics – Numeric
– Elementary and Special Functions
– BLAS/LAPAC-based Linear Algebra
– Curve Fitting
– Interpolation/Extrapolation
– Probability and Statistics
– Optimization
– Ordinary Differential Equations
– Geometry
– Polynomial
– Formula Parsing
– 1D & 2D Evaluation
– Calculus
LabVIEW Signal Processing, Analysis and Math
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Using Signal Processing Functions
Configuration Based
Express VIs
Programmatic,
Low-level VIs
Text-based
MathScript Node
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Demo: Simple USRP-based Receiver
• with Spectrum Analysis
• with live FM radio
Gigabit Ethernet
Connection to Host Computer
NI USRP-2190
Receiver
• USRP control (Rx)
• Inline Processing / Display
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Decode & Hear Live FM Radio
30 Hz
15 kHz
23 kHz
38 kHz
53 kHz
58.35 kHz
67.65 kHz
76.65 kHz
92 kHz
99 kHz
57 kHz
0
19kHz Stereo Pilot (10%)
Stereo Audio Left - Right
Direct Band (10%)
RBDS (5%)
Mono Audio
Left + Right
Audos Subcarrier (10%)
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NI-USRP Driver Software
Initialize Configure Start Read IQ Stop Close
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NI-USRP Driver Software
Initialize Configure Start Read IQ Stop Close
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Demo: Simple USRP-based Tx / Rx Pair
Gigabit Ethernet
Connections to Host Computer
NI USRP-2190
Receiver
• USRP control (Tx/Rx)
• Inline Processing / Display
NI USRP-2190
Transmitter
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Text-based signal processing, analysis, and math within LabVIEW 750 built-in functions / user-defined
functions
Reuse many of your .m file scripts created with The MathWorks, Inc. MATLAB® software and others
Based on original math from NI MATRIXx software
A native LabVIEW solution Interactive and programmatic
interfaces
Does not require 3rd-party software
Enables hybrid programming MATLAB® is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. All other
trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
MathScript RT Module
• 2D and 3D Plotting /
Visualization
• Probability and Statistics
• Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
• Optimization
• Approximation (Curve Fitting /
Interpolation)
• Advanced Functions
• Ordinary Differential
• Equations
• Basic Operations
• Polynomial Operations
• Trigonometric
• Linear Algebra
• Matrix Operations
• Boolean and Bit Operations
• Data Acquisition /
Generation
• Vector Operations
• Other
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The Hybrid Approach Combine Graphical / Textual Programming
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Digital Communication System
Sou
rce
Co
din
g
Ch
ann
el C
od
ing
Mo
du
lati
on
Up
con
vers
ion
Do
wn
con
vers
ion
De
mo
du
lati
on
Ch
ann
el D
eco
din
g
Sou
rce
De
cod
ing
Communications Channel
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NI Modulation Toolkit
NI Modulation Toolkit
Digital Communication System
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NI Modulation Toolkit
NI Modulation Toolkit
NI USRP
NI USRP
Digital Communication System
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Modulation Toolkit
Modulation & Demodulation
Channel models / impairments
Channel coding
Communication visualization
LabVIEW simulation and modeling tools for communication system design
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Demo: QAM Tx / Rx Pair
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Demo: Packet-based Transceiver
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Demo: Packet-based Link
NI USRP-2190 Receiver
• USRP control (Tx & Rx) • Modulate Tx signal • Demodulate Rx signal • Reconstruct message
NI USRP-2190 Transmitter RF Signal
915MHz , PSK packets, 400kbps
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Transmitter Block Diagram
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Packet Structure
GUARD
BAND SYNC
SEQ PCKT
NUM PAD DATA
Field Length
[bits]
Description
Guard Band 30 Allow initialization of Rx PLL, filters, etc
Sync Sequence 20 Frame and Symbol Synchronization
Packet Number 8 Range: 0-255 Used for reordering of packets
and detection of missing packets
Data 64 - 256 Variable length data field. Length detected
dynamically at Rx end
Pad 20 Allows for filter edge effects.
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The Received Signal
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Receiver Block Diagram
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Channel Activity Detection
• Problem: Inefficient to
keep demodulator active
for the entire acquisition
frame—it needs to be
applied only to packets
• Solution: Apply a
channel activity detector
to locate packet
boundaries for a packet
slicer
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Error Tolerance
Problem: Errors at SNR >> 1
Partial packets captured at
frame edges
Improper synchronization
Solution: Repetition Coding
Repeat each packet n times
Repeat entire message m
times
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Error Tolerance
• Problem: At SNR >> 1, errors introduced due to
Partial packet captured at frame edge interval
Improper synchronization
• Solution: Packet Repetition Coding
Repeat each packet n times ( n=2 to 5)
Repeat whole message m times ( m = 10 )
• Proposed Schemes:
CRC Check with two way ACKs
Reconstruct packets split across frames
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Ideas for Extension
• Improved Error Tolerance CRC check, convolutional coding,
interleaving, etc…
• Bi-directional link with ACK messages
• OFDM
• Channel Equalization to improve range
• SW-based Rx gain control to ensure full use of available dynamic range
• Monitor / replicate common links Bluetooth mouse
Key fob
• Additional message choices Images, video, etc.
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Next Steps
• Learn more about LabVIEW and NI-USRP
www.ni.com/usrp
• Find NI-USRP examples & participate in the NI-USRP
online community
decibel.ni.com/content/groups/ni-usrp-example-labview-vis