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APPLICATION OF NON-BIASED FERRITES FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF EMI
FROM RF TO MM WAVES
Karén Kocharyan
RENAISSANCE Electronics Corporation12 Lancaster County Rd., Harvard, MA [email protected]
IMS-2004 Workshop WMH
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OVERVIEW
• Dispersion of Initial Magnetic Permeability• Ferrites for Wire Line EMI Filters• Ferrite Microwave Absorbers• MM-Wave Ferrites and Characterization• Conclusion
K. Kocharyan 2
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COMMON AND DIFFERENTIAL MODES INWIRE LINES
S
L
NC
IDIC
ND
IS
K. Kocharyan 3
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SUPPRESSING COMMON MODE NOISE WITH CHOKE COIL
S L
N
§ Frequency Characteristics § Design Limitations
1
2
K. Kocharyan 4
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SUPPRESSING DIFFERENTIAL MODE WITH BAND-REJECT FERRITE FILTER
Differential Mode Noise and Signal at Different Frequency Bands
)Z(Z)ZZ(Z
log20IL(dB)LS
FLS10 +
++=
SL
ND
ZS ZL
ZF
K. Kocharyan 5
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DISPERSION OF INITIAL MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY
I – Domain Wall ResonanceII – Natural Magnetic Resonance
K. Kocharyan 6
I
µ′
10000
1000
100
10
1
II
µ ′
µ ′′
0.1 1 10 100 1000 f (kHz)
µ ′′
1000
100
10
1
0.1
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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF INDUCTANCE INCORPORATING FERRITE CORE
XL(f) RS(f)
ZF = RS + XL
where
XL = ωL0µ′
RS = ωL0µ″
L0 ~ N2 − air core inductance
N − the number of turns
Ferrite EMI Filters operating at resistive mode do not introduce parasitic oscillations and signal distortions ! f
Z
XLRS
ZF
N = 3
2
1
K. Kocharyan 7
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MAGNETOCRYSTALLINE ANISOTROPY AND NATURAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE
ω0 = γHint
Hint = H0 + HA + Hi (M)H0 — external magnetic field
HA — effective field of magnetocrystalline anisotropy
Hi(M) — magnetization-dependent terms
at H0 = 0, M = 0 and Hi (M) = 0
Hint = HAωNR = γHA
ωNR — frequency of natural magnetic resonance
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EVALUATING ANISOTROPY FIELD IN ISOTROPIC FERRITES
HA*) = 2K1/MS
K1 – constant of cubic anisotropy
µ′ ≅ MS2/3K1
HA ≅ 2MS/3µ′
*) Soft ferrite manufacturers usually do not specify this parameter
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E.W.Gorter, Proc. IRE 43, 245, (1955)
SNOEK’S LIMIT ON RF PERMEABILITY OF ISOTROPIC FERRITES
• CUBIC SYMMETRY IMPLIES LOW MAGNETIC ANISOTROPY:
|K1| ≤ 103 J/m3
HA < 104 A/m ≅ 100 Oe
fNR = 500 MHz
• S = fµ′ = 2γMS/3 = 5 GHz
K. Kocharyan 10
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HEXAGONAL FERRITES WITH UNIAXIAL MAGNETIC ANISOTROPY
K1 – constant of axial anisotropyK2 – constant of in-plane anisotropy
K1 >> K2
K1 > 0 K1 < 0easy axis easy plane
C
M
C
M
K.Kocharyan 11
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HA1 ~ 10,000 OeHA2 ~ 100 Oe
fNR = γ√(HA1× HA2) / 2π ~ 1GHz
S = γMS sin2θ0 (HA1/HA2)1/2 ~ 15 GHz
Jonker, Wijn and Brawn, Phillips, Tech. Rev., 18, 150 (1956-57)
SNOEK’S LIMIT ON PERMEABILITY OF EASY-PLANE HEXAFERRITES
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HEXAGONAL FERRITES WITH EASY-AXIS ANISOTROPY
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
HA1 = 2000 - 20,000 OefNR = γHA1/ 2π ~ 6 - 60 GHz
µ ′, µ ″ ~ 0.5 - 3 ε ′ ~ 18 - 20
σ ~ 0.01 - 10 (MOhm m)-1
ε ″ ~ 0.02 - 10
K. Kocharyan 13
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MICROWAVE FERRITE ABSORBERS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS
• Broader Bandwidthµ is strongly dispersive
• Thinner Absorberk ~ (µ′ε″ + ε′µ″ ) / (µ′ε′)1/2
Available Forms
§ Ferrite Tiles § Ferrite Composites § Ferrite Paints
K. Kocharyan 14
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METAL-TERMINATED FERRITE ABSORBER
§ Computational Methods
§ Matching Solution Map(Cole-Cole magnetic diagram)
10 20 00 .ZZZZdBRL *in
*in ≤+−⇒−<
= **
*
**in eµ
cpdfj
eµZ 2tanh
K. Kocharyan 15
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BROADBAND FERRITE ABSORBER DESIGN PARAMETERS
INPUT PARAMETERS
§ Dispersion of Complex Magnetic Permeability§ Complex Dielectric Permittivity§ Required Suppression Level
OUTPUT PARAMETERRange for product - (fd)
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MM-WAVE MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION METHODS
§ Waveguide- rectangular/cylindrical sample- deteriorating effect of the air gap- standard equipment
§ Coaxial Line- complicated sample geometry- moderate accuracy- standard equipment
§ Quasi-Optical- simple sample geometry- high accuracy- custom designed spectrometer
K. Kocharyan 17
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF QUASI-OPTICAL MM-WAVE BWO-SPECTROMETER*)
BWO
N
S
II
I
*)At TUFTS University, Medford, MA
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TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BWO-SPECTROMETER
§ RADIATION SOURCE - Backward Wave Tubes§ RADIATION TYPE - Coherent, Tunable§ POLARIZATION - Linear/Circular§ DETECTORS - Diodes/Bolometer§ SCAN RANGE (GHz) - 35 - 56; 44 - 76; 70 - 120§ SCAN STEP - ≥ 3 MHz§ SCAN TIME (1000 point) - 1 min.§ DYNAMIC RANGE - > 40 dB§ MAGNETIC FIELD - up to 15 kOe
K. Kocharyan 19
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EQUATIONS
( )[ ]( ) ( )r
r
i
t
AERERRRE
EET
ϕϕ++−
+−==2
02
0
20
20
2
sin41sin41
( ) ( )[ ]( ) ( )r
r
i
r
AERERAEER
EER
ϕϕ
++−++−==
20
20
220
2
sin41sin41
( )ckdfE π4exp −=
( )( ) 22
22
0 11
babaR
+++−=
−+=
12
22 bab
atanrϕ
*
**
εµ=≡+ Zjba
cndfA π2=
**εµ=− jkn
K. Kocharyan 20
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APPROXIMATIONS
§ Dielectric Permittivity, ε* = ε′ - jε″ :
§ Magnetic Permeability, µ* = µ′ - jµ″ :
oriented ceramic:
randomly oriented:
Simulation Parameter Set
f
constσ
εε
ε2
0 +′′≡′′
=′
( )[ ] ( )
2222 fffffj ACMAC −−+=′′−′ µµ
( )[ ] ( )2222
32
31 fffffj ACMAC −−++=′′−′ µµ
πγπγα 2 ,2 , SMANRGNRAC MfHffjff ==+=
fNR, αG, fM , ε′, ε0″, σ
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EXAMPLE 1: LOW-LOSS CERAMIC
Frequency, GHz30 45 60 75 90 105 120
Ref
lect
ance
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9ExperimentTheory
Frequency, GHz40 60 80 100 120
Tra
nsm
itta
nce
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
ExperimentTheory
a) b)
MM-Wave transmission a) and reflection b) spectra of M-(easy-axis) type oriented Ba-hexaferrite ceramic. Wave propagation is along the direction of orientation. Sample thickness is 12.67 mm.
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EXAMPLE 1: BEST-FIT PARAMETERS
Frequency, GHz30 45 60 75 90 105 120
Rea
l Per
mea
bilit
y, µ
'
0
2
4
6
8
10
Imag
inar
y P
erm
eabi
lity,
µ'' ×
103
0
2
4
6
8
10
0.0918.80.0012< 0.0547.610.6
ε0″ε′αGσ (MOhm m)-1fNR (GHz)fM (GHz)
K. Kocharyan 23
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EXAMPLE 2: LOSSY CERAMIC
Frequency, GHz30 45 60 75 90 105 120
Tra
nsm
itta
nce
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
Experiment Theory
Frequency, GHz30 45 60 75 90 105 120
Ref
lect
ance
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9ExperimentTheory
a) b)
MM-Wave transmission a) and reflection b) spectra of lossy M-(easy-axis) type oriented Ba-hexaferrite ceramic. Wave propagation is along the direction of orientation. Sample thickness is 9.67 mm.
0.7819.70.0011451.211.5
ε0″ε′αGσ (MOhm m)-1fNR (GHz)fM (GHz)
K. Kocharyan 24
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CONCLUSION
§ In Wire Line EMI Applications the Anisotropy Field of Ferrite Core Should Match to the Noise Spectrum
§ Hexagonal Ferrites with Uniaxial Anisotropy are Suitable for Application at Short Microwaves
§ Quasi-Optical BWO Spectroscopy Allows Complete MM-Wave Characterization of Ferrite Materials
K. Kocharyan 25