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A Modern Strategy forHazardous Waste Site Clean-Up:
The "Triad" Approach
Sept. 27, 2001ENRY
Belgrade, Yugoslavia
Daniel M. PowellTechnology Innovation Office
US Environmental Protection [email protected]
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Innovative Analytical and Sampling:Opportunities for Cost Savings, TODAY
An excellent target for innovative approaches» Available today» Impacts total project costs» Results in “remedy” savings (e.g. removal, treatment)
All sites require monitoring and measurement activities» Public lead, private lead» High value, low value, no value (redevelopment
perspective) » Big sites, small sites» Clean-up, “no further action” sites
Monitoring and measurement activities occur from site assessment through site closeout, reuse
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1
12
1
2
2
We need more information
3
3
It ends It ends when the when the $$ runs $$ runs
out!!out!!
Start: “Define the nature and extent of contamination.”
2
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The Historical Process
Identify the site and rapidly charge into the maze
1980s:» Work needed to be
accomplished right away
» Limited experience, knowledge
» Few tools available for monitoring or cleanup
Starthere
Closeout EXIT ????
EXIT ????
EXIT ????
EXIT ????
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Conducting Site Activities Without a Systematic Approach
Site Assessment
Close-out/reuse
Clean-up Design/Implementation
Site Investigation
•Without end-use, systematic focus for data collection, must start over, fill gaps, and refit data as move through process
•Each “phase” becomes an end to itself (multiple projects)
•Data collected for each phase may or may not be useful in subsequent phases
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Systematic Planning
Dynamic Workplanning
On-Site Measurement Technologies
The Triad Approach
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Characteristics of the “Triad”
Fully maximizing capabilities of field analytical instruments and rapid sampling tools
Systematic planning » Meeting site or project-specific goals vs.
prescriptive methods “checklists”» Relying on thorough advance planning/up-front
understanding of the site» Global view of project, ultimate goals
Dynamic or adaptive decision makingBringing together the right teamChanging perception
» Requirements for accurate, protective, and defensible decisions
» Time, money, and quality
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Focus: Systematic Planning
Stakeholders involved
Multidisciplinary Team
Exit strategy clearly defined » Identify project decisions» Identify desired certainty
Project-specific Conceptual Site Model » Identifies data/information gaps » Data collection supports evolution
of CSM as data/information gaps filled
Identify most resource-effective means to fill data/information gaps
EXIT
START
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Core: Dynamic Work PlansReal-time, decision-making in the field
Real-time analysis makes possible, field analytics makes economical
Experienced, senior technical personnel (scientists & engineers) in the field
Regulator-approved decision trees » Flexible work plans
—Alternate contracting options—Regulator, senior staff involvement
» Adaptive sampling and analysis plans» Evolve the CSM to maturity
Seamless flow of site activities fewer mobilizations
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Technical Team
Assemble the technical team
Get the right people involved from the start
Often means going outside the “normal” field-based team
Risk assessor, legal, statistician, analytical chemist, hydrologist, soil scientist, etc.
Requires access to decisionmakers during event
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Why Consider the “Triad” Approach?
Lower costs » Assessment, investigation» Cleanup, close-out burden
Decrease time (mobilizations; also affects cost)Creates “seamless” perspective on site work
where data collection builds on previous work vs. segmented, serial approach to site work
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Benefits of “Triad,” Systematic Approach: Building on Existing
Information
Site Assessment
Close-out/reuse
Clean-up Design/Implementation
Site Investigation
•Each phase focuses on needs of subsequent work, requirements
•Data focuses on decisions which focus on site objective (one project)
•Maximize use of existing data
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Why Consider the “Triad” Approach? (continued)
Focus on systematic planning helps remove biases against effective field technologies» Focus on site objectives/decisions vs. individual data
points/measurement approaches
» Improves communication between parties
» Improves understanding of true site conditions
» Decrease uncertainty (corollary - increase comfort)
» Increases likelihood of consensus-based approaches to address contingencies
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Modernizing site activities
involves doing site cleanups:CheaperFasterSmarter, ANDBetter
Theme # 1
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Theme 1: Summary
“Cheaper and faster” closely related» Key element: Dynamic Workplans» Require real-time measurement» New field technologies make “real-time” affordable
“Smarter and better” require systematic planning» Key element: focus on managing uncertainty» Requires development of site-specific goals and
strategies to achieve goals
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Theme #2Accepting modernized approaches requires realistic
understanding of the role of analytical quality vs. data quality
Must understand that:
Non-Representative
Sample
Perfect Analytical Chemistry
+
“BAD” DATA
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Data Quality
Distinguish: analytical quality from data quality
Data quality: the ability of data to provide information that meets user needs
Users need to make correct decisions
“Data quality” is thus a function of the data’s ability to represent the “true state” in the context of the decision to be made
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The SYSTEM functions as if it believes that…
{Data
Uncertainty Automatically
Managed
Data Quality=
PrescriptiveAnalytical Methods{
AnalyticalUncertainty
Automatically Managed
= Decision Quality{
DecisionUncertainty
Automatically Managed
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Distinguishing Concepts
Analytical Methods
Overall Data
Quality
Decision Quality
Method Modifications
MethodSelection
{
Manage Analytical
Quality
Representative Sampling
Data Assessment
Manage Uncertainty in
Data Generation
{
Manage Uncertainty in
Decision Making{
ClarifyAssumptions
Draw Conclusions
Non-scientific considerations
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Core Concept of Systematic Planning:Focus on the Bottom Line
The bottom line: protect the health and well-being of humans and the environment by making scientifically defensible decisions
The goal is “decision quality”
Data quality is one means to this end
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Unifying Concept for Triad: Managing Uncertainty
Systematic project planning» Identify decision goals w/ tolerable overall uncertainty» Identify major uncertainties (cause decision error)» Identify strategy to manage each major uncertainty
Use field analytical methods and dynamic work plan to effectively manage sampling uncertainty (sample representativeness)
Use various strategies to manage analytical uncertainty when using field analytical
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Few higher quality data points Lower information value of the data set
Data Quality vs. Information Value
Many lower quality data points Higher information value of the data set
Goal: A defensible site decision that reflects the “true” site condition
Less likely
More likely
¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢
$
$
$
$
$
$
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Sources of Uncertainty in Data Results
e.g., Method 8260
PLUS
=Total
UncertaintyIn Data Results
+Uncertaintyin Extract Cleanup
Uncertaintyin Extract Analysis
+
Uncertaintyin Sample
Preparation
Analytical Uncertainties
Uncertaintyin Sample
Location+
Uncertaintyin Sample
Preservation+
Uncertainty in Sample Support
Uncertaintyin Sub-
sampling+
Sampling Uncertainties
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Sampling = 95%
Analytical = 5%
39,800 On-site41,400 Lab
500 On-site416 Lab
164 On-site136 Lab
27,800 On-site42,800 Lab24,400 On-site
27,700 Lab
1,280 On-site1,220 Lab
1
27
6 3
45
331 On-site 286 Lab
Sampling vs. Analytical Uncertainty
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Adding Uncertainties
Uncertainties add according to (a2 + b2 = c2)
Ex. 23 XSampling Uncertainty
Analytical Uncertainty Total Uncertainty
Ex. 1
Ex. 31/3 X
Ex. 1Ex. 2Ex. 3
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Use Real-time Results to Decrease Overall Decision Uncertainty
Total UncertaintyAnalytical
Uncertainty
Sampling Uncertainty
Ex. 1
Field Analytical
(alone) Ex. 2
Controlled Sampling Uncertainty
Ex. 3
Controlled Sampling
Uncertaintyin Fixed Lab Data
Set
FA guide Fixed Lab
Ex. 1Ex. 2Ex. 3
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Sample Representativeness
Finally able to address this issue defensibly
and affordably! Use cheaper analytical technologies that
allow you to increase sample density.Use real-time measurements at the site of the
sample to support real-time decision-makingBalance analytical uncertainty against overall
data uncertainty
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Few higher quality data points Lower information value of the data set
Many lower quality data points Higher information value of the data set
Goal: A defensible site decision that reflects the “true” site condition
Less likely More likely
$ $ $
$ $ $
¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢
¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢
¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢
¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢
Data Quality vs. Information Value
$ $ $
$ $ $
NOW, few ”higher quality” data points
Highly informative data set
Nearly Certain
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Case Study of USACE Tree Fruit Project
Problem: Pesticide contamination of soil in the vadose zone
Scope of Remedial Activities:» Locate and remove bags of neat pesticide (focused removal)» Characterize pesticide contaminated soil: excavate to meet
WA state cleanup standards» Manage/dispose excavated material» Residential development - needed clean closure
Case Study: EPA 542-R00-009 (http://cluin.org/char1_edu.cfm)
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Case Study of Tree Fruit Project: Results
Action required to achieve clean closure » 390 tons of soil removed (56 tons incinerated; 334 tons
landfilled)» vs. 708 tons if removed all soil
Time» Single mobilization: <4 months of field work to complete
site closureCosts
» Projected: ~$1.2M; Actual: $589K» Savings:~50%
Happy client, regulator, and stakeholders
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Wenatchee Tree Fruit Example:Cost Comparison (per USACE)
Traditional ESC+1. Review Existing Data $7,150 $11,0002. Design Site Characterization $0 $17,6403. Implement Site Characterization $0 $84,1344. Review Char. data $0 $10,0005. Design Remedy $16,500 $26,4606. Implement Remedy (- Disposal) $168,094 $271,1167. Waste Disposal $910,000 $153,5708. Closure report $20,305 $20,305TOTAL $1,122,049 $594,225
This traditional cost estimate assumes no characterization, only removal and incineration of the entire plot volume
DWP
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Final Remediation BoundaryNorthDrawing not to scale
Top number is feet bgs planned for excavation and the bottom is feet bgs actually excavated
Original Remediation BoundaryX-Y Coordinate Origin
Col 1
Col 2
Col 3
Col 4
Col 5
Col 6
Col 7
Col 8
Col 9
22/1
1/ 55/
11/ 4
4/ 22.5/ 2
2/ 44/
11/
11/
11/
11/
55/ 1
4.5/ 44/ 2
2/22/ 4
4/ 22.5/
44/2
2/22/
44/
55/ 1
1/
Row B
Row C
Row A
FR2/3
FR4/5
22.5/
22.5/
11/
Final CSM: Lateral and Vertical Removals
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Resources Specific to Case Study
USACE Cost and Performance Report: www.frtr.gov/cost/pdf/Wenatchee.pdf
EPA Case Study: (http://cluin.org/char1_edu.cfm)
Technical Project Planning Manual (publication number EM-200-1-2) downloadable from: http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/eng-manuals/em.htm
Video: “A Guideline for Dynamic Workplans and Field Analytics” (http://cluin.org/video/hanscom.htm)
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Florida DEP’s Drycleaning Solvent Cleanup Program
Success over 2½ years
10 contractors
156 assessments completed
100 cleanups underway
Compared to conventional» Cost 30-50% less » Better 3-D plume definition (better remedy design) » Assessment completed in half the time or less
Information on state drycleaning efforts: State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners, http://www.drycleancoalition.org/
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Resources: General
Hazardous Waste Clean-Up Information (CLU-IN) Internet site (http://clu-in.org)
—Go to “Characterization and Monitoring” link
—“TechDirect Email Newsletter” for automatic updates on new resources
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Monitoring and Measurement Resources: General
Technology Information» Case Studies (http://cluin.org/char1_edu.cfm)
—Wenatchee—Oak Ridge drum disposal—Hanscom AFB—Florida Dry-cleaning Program—Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable
Internet Site (http://www.frtr.gov)
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Monitoring and Measurement Resources: General
Methods information (http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/sw846.htm)
Technology evaluation » Environmental Technology Verification (ETV)
Program, Site Characterization and Monitoring Technology Pilot (http://www.epa.gov/etv/02/02_main.htm)
» Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program (http://www.epa.gov/ord/SITE)
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Monitoring and Measurement Resources: General
Technology Information» Technology Screening
—Navy/EPA Technology Matrix (http://www.frtr.gov/site/)
—EPA ReachIT (http://epareachit.org)» New Technologies
—Sensor Technology Information Exchange (http://www.sentix.org)
—Measurement and Monitoring for the 21st Century (21M2) Initiative (http://clu-in.org/21m2)
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Monitoring and Measurement Resources: General
Training (http://trainex.org)» 1.5-, 3-, 5-day Field-Based Program» Technologies and strategies» Internet seminars (http://clu-in.org/studio)
—~2hours, no travel—Dynamic Data Collection Strategy Using Systematic
Planning and Innovative Field-Based Measurement Technologies
Perspectives (http://clu-in.org/char1.cfm)» Definitions» PBMS vs. standard methods» Data defensibility (legal)
Procurement “guide” (complete, Winter 2001-02)