![Page 1: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal:Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal
Bob MarinierJohn Laird
University of MichiganACE: April 18, 2006
![Page 2: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Overview
Introduction Emotion Process Cognitive Functions Unification
![Page 3: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Introduction Have independent theories of emotion
and cognitive functions Emotion: Appraisal Theory Cognitive Functions: Allen Newell’s
PEACTIDM Each of these is incomplete Emotion and cognition are tightly
integrated in humans via appraisal How can we unify cognitive functions
with appraisal?
![Page 4: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Agent
Environment
Emotion (Thought-Action Urges,
Cognitive Changes, Physiological Changes)
Event Goals, Beliefs
Inference/Appraisal Perception
(of Feelings)
Coping Perception Action
App
rais
al
Det
ecto
r
![Page 5: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
What’s missing?
When are appraisals generated? Why are the appraisals generated
then? How are appraisals generated? How do appraisal and emotion
impact behavior (in detail)?
![Page 6: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Cognitive Functions:Allen Newell’s PEACTIDM
Perceive Raw perception
Encode Create domain-independent representation
Attend Chose stimulus to process
Comprehend Generate structures that relate stimulus to goals and can be used to inform behavior
Tasking Perform goal maintenance
Intend Chose an action
Decode Decompose action into motor commands
Motor Execute motor commands
Even
t Pro
cess
ing
Resp
onse
Pro
cess
ing
An agent must be able to perform the following functions
![Page 7: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
What’s missing?
What does Encode generate? How does Attend pick a stimulus? What does Comprehend generate? How does Tasking work (e.g. what
information does it require?)
![Page 8: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal
Perceive Raw perception
Encode Domain-independent representation
Attend Chose stimulus to process
Comprehend Generate structures that relate stimulus to goals and can be used to inform behavior
Tasking Perform goal maintenance
Intend Chose an action
Appraisal Generator
s
Appraisal Consumer
s
Even
t Pro
cess
ing
![Page 9: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Event Processing:Desirable Properties Domain independent Limited working memory Happens over time Incremental Supports immediate comprehension Supports hierarchical comprehension Supports prediction Influenced by external processes
![Page 10: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Encode generates domain-independent structures from the raw Perceptual information Fast, parallel process
Possible structure Simplification of Talmy (1975)
Actor Action
Also includes Novelty information (e.g. is this a common event, did it occurred suddenly, etc)
Encode and Event Structure
BobWalking across street
![Page 11: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Attend
Multiple events may occur simultaneously, all of which are Encoded
Attend uses Novelty information from Encoded structure to pick one to Comprehend next
![Page 12: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Comprehension Process Goal: To create data structures that inform
behavior Key: Process sequences of events Process
Observe some sequence of events Match partial sequence to known complete sequence Use complete sequence to predict next event
Only work on one event or sequence at a time (i.e. processing is local)
Since the event structures are domain independent, this process is also domain independent
![Page 13: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Abstract Events, Sequences and Subgoals An event sequence can be abstracted to
represent a single event in a more abstract sequence
Example: Step down from curb Take a few steps Step up onto curb …this is just the “Cross the Street” event, which may
be just one event in the “Get from Car to Office” sequence, which may be one event in the “Go to Work” sequence…which may be just one event in the “Living My Life” sequence.
Abstract events can be thought of as subgoals
![Page 14: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Step Down
Walk
Cross the Street
Walk up to Building
Open Door
Get From Car to Office
Event Knowledge Hierarchy
Enter Building
Cross theStreet
EnterBuilding
Get From Carto Office
Events
Sequences
Events
Sequences
Events
Step Up
Go to Work
Go to Work
…
Sequences
Events
![Page 15: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Comprehension Process Details
Comprehend
Reinterpret Events
MatchesPrediction?
Determine Probability
Determine Causality
Determine Goal
Conduciveness
Extract Information to
Inform Behavior
YES
NO
Appraisals
Goal
EncodedEvent
![Page 16: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Event Processing:Desirable Properties Revisited
Domain independent Events are domain-independent
Limited working memory
One interpretation at a time
Happens over time Events occur over time
Incremental Attend to one event at a time; Local processing
Supports immediate comprehension
Can always guess at complete sequence based on event
Supports hierarchical comprehension
Sequences can be abstracted to events
Supports prediction Next event can be read from guessed complete sequence
Influenced by external processes
Ambiguity resolution can be biased by current goal, emotion, memory activation, etc.
![Page 17: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Revisited
Perceive Raw perception
Encode Domain-independent representation
Attend Chose stimulus to process
Comprehend Generate structures that relate stimulus to goals and can be used to inform behavior
Tasking Perform goal maintenance
Intend Chose an action
Appraisal Generator
s
Appraisal Consumer
s
Resp
onse
Pro
cess
ing
![Page 18: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Tasking Process Goal: Update current (sub)goals as
necessary Key: Emotion automatically signals with
status (goal threatened, situation alterable) and how to fix it (e.g. whose fault is it, etc)
Process: Determine how to proceed based on
implications of emotion
![Page 19: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Tasking Process Details
Tasking
Set New Subgoal
Remove (Sub)goal
Angry
Afraid
Coping Strategie
s
Feelings
![Page 20: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Intend Process Goal: Determine next action to execute Key: In general, there may be many paths
from the current situation to the goal, so Intend must pick one Also has to compete with action tendencies (e.g.
automatic responses) Process:
If urgency is high, “automatic” responses win Otherwise, walk event hierarchy to find path to
goal
![Page 21: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Scherer 2001 Generated By Required ByNovelty: Suddenness Perception
AttendNovelty: FamiliarityEncodingNovelty: Predictability
Intrinsic pleasantness
Tasking (via Feelings)
Goal/need relevance
Comprehension
Cause: agentCause: motiveOutcome probabilityUrgencyDiscrepancy from expectation ComprehensionConduciveness
Tasking (via Feelings)
ControlPowerAdjustmentInternal standards compatibilityExternal standards compatibility
Unification
![Page 22: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Agent
Environment
Emotion (Thought-Action Urges,
Cognitive Changes, Physiological Changes)
Event Goals, Beliefs
Inference/Appraisal (PEC)
Perception (of Feelings)
(PE)
Coping (ACT) Perception
(PE) Action (IDM)
App
rais
al
Det
ecto
r
![Page 23: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Predictions
Agent will be interruptible Partial ordering constraint on
appraisal generation Different emotions may require
different amounts of processing Time constraints may lead to errors
in Comprehension (and thus emotion)
![Page 24: A Cognitive Architecture Theory of Comprehension and Appraisal: Unifying Cognitive Functions and Appraisal Bob Marinier John Laird University of Michigan](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012916/551c12c35503469e4f8b54a9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Summary: Unification of Cognitive Functions and Appraisal
Structural appraisal theories define only the critical data used to drive behavior
PEACTIDM defines critical functions, but not how they are achieved
In general, appraisals are: Generated by Perceive, Encode and
Comprehend The information needed by Attend,
Comprehend, Tasking and Intend