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A Balanced Approach to 21st Century Assessment
Lisa YouellSuperintendent’s Center for 21st Century Schools
West Virginia Department of Education
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Is it on the test?Don’t worry, it’sNot On The Test!
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Once a Year…
• Yields indicators of one’s health• Concerns about the final numbers• Doctor makes recommendations
Physical Exam
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Doctor’s Recommendations?
Focus on the Exam Once a Year
• For 3 months before the next exam do the following:– Exercise – Get more sleep– Eat oats everyday
Focus on Healthy Practices Daily
• Practice good habits on a daily basis– Drink water every day– Eat more fiber– Eat fruits and vegetables– Eat less fat– Exercise/walk– Avoid tobacco
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Once a Year…
School’s Annual Checkup
• Yields indicators of school’s progress• Concerns about the final numbers• Principal makes recommendations
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School’s Annual Checkup
Focus on the Test Once a Year
• For 3 months before the test do the following:– Look at the data– Determine weaknesses– Practice test items with
standardized format
Focus on Daily Practices
• Become assessment literate• Use day to day classroom
assessment practices that involve students directly in self-assessment, goal setting, and communicating about their own learning
• Collect a continuous stream of evidence of student learning
• Use assessment information formatively to plan further instruction
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We are living in the old system while we are trying
to build a new system.
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In a Perfect System…
• Annual Accountability Testing (State Summative Test)
• Periodic Benchmark Assessments
• Continuous Classroom Assessment For Learning
• Institutional/Policy Users (School, District and State Leadership)
• Program Level Users (Teacher Teams and Leaders)
• Classroom Level Users(Students, Teachers and Parents)
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for L ea rn in gResearch on Assessment
& Student Achievement
British researchers Paul Black and Dylan Wiliam completed a comprehensive review of 250 international studies exploring the
connection between formative assessment practices and student achievement (1998)
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Research on Assessment & Student Achievement
• Does improved formative assessment cause better learning?
• Do formative assessment practices need improving?
• Is there evidence about how to improve formative assessment?
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Needed Improvements to Realize Gains
• Increased commitment to high-quality classroom assessments
• Increased descriptive feedback; reduced evaluative feedback
• Increased student involvement in the assessment process
Black and Wiliam, 1989
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Black & Wiliam Research on Effects of Classroom Assessment for Learning:
.4 to .7 Gain
.7 Standard Deviation Score Gain = 25 Percentile Points on ITBS 70 SAT Score Points 4 ACT Score Points
Largest Gain for Low Achievers
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A Productive Multi-Level Assessment System
• Is needed to be sure that all instructional decisions are informed and well made
• Is needed to meet the informational needs of all users at all levels– State– District– School– Classroom (teachers and students)
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A Balanced Assessment System
Assessment of Learning• Summative Assessment– An event after learning
• Benchmark Assessment (Common or Interim Assessments)– An event after learning
Assessment for Learning• Formative Assessment– A process during learning
• Classroom Assessment For Learning– A process during learning
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Critical Questions
•What is the primary aim of assessment?•Who will use the
information?•What decisions will they
make?
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Common Language?
Summative
Assessmen
t
FormativeAssessmentAssessment FOR
Learning
Assessment OF
Learning
Benchmark
Assessments
Classroom Assessment For Learning
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Assessment OF LearningUsers Uses What How When
• Turn to your neighbor and discuss the key differences in benchmark and summative assessment.
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Assessment of Learning
Periodic (3 or 4 times during the year
Annual
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Primary Users
Benchmark Summative
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Typical Uses
Benchmark Summative
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Assess What?
Benchmark Summative
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Assess How?
Benchmark Summative
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Assess When?
Benchmark Summative
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Assessment for Learning Users Uses What How When
Turn to your neighbor and discuss the key differences in formative and classroom assessment for
learning.
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Assessment for Learning
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Needed Improvements to Realize Gains
• Increased commitment to high-quality classroom assessments
• Increased descriptive feedback; reduced evaluative feedback
• Increased student involvement in the assessment process
Black and Wiliam, 1989
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Primary Users
Classroom Assessment for Learning
Formative Assessment
Student as Decision Maker
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Typical Uses
Descriptive Feedback
Classroom Assessment for Learning
Formative Assessment
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Typical Uses
Student Involvement
Classroom Assessment for Learning
Formative Assessment
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Assess What?
Classroom Assessment for Learning
Formative Assessment
Learning Targets
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Learning TargetsA learning target is an achievement expectation we hold
for students. It’s a statement of what we want the student to learn.
Is this a target?• Math• Decimals• Page 152 in the book• Going on a decimal hunt• Read decimals and put them in order
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Objective/Benchmark: First Grade Reading /English Language Arts
Produce writing to communicate with different audiences for a variety of purposes.
Overall Target
Type: Knowledge Reasoning Performance Skill Product
Learning Targets
What are the knowledge, reasoning, performance skill or product targets underpinning the standard/objective?
Knowledge Targets Reasoning Targets Performance Skill Targets
Product Targets
Write sentences with varied beginnings
Holds a pencil correctlyPrint letters correctlySpace wordsUse lines & marginsStretch out sounds in words to create a temporary spelling of a word
Distinguish the uses or meanings of a variety of words (word choice)
Know what a sentence is
Understand concept of word choice
Summative Assessment
Formative/Classr
oom
Assessm
ent for
Learning
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Standard/Objective:
Drive with skill.Type: Knowledge Reasoning Performance Skill Product
Learning Targets
What are the knowledge, reasoning, skill or product targets underpinning the standard/objective?
Knowledge Targets Reasoning Targets Performance Skill Targets
Product Targets
•Know the law•Understand informal rules of the road•Understand what different parts of the car do•Read signs and understand what they mean•Understand what “creating a danger” means•Understand what “creating a hazard” means•Other?
•Analyze road conditions, vehicle performance, and other driver’s actions
•Compare/contrast this information with knowledge and past experience
•Synthesize information and evaluate options to make decisions on what to do next
•Evaluate “Am I safe?” and synthesize information to take action if needed.
•Other?
•Driving actions such as: steering, shifting, parallel parking, looking, signaling, backing up, braking, accelerating, etc.
•Fluidity/automaticity in performance driving actions.
•Other?
None
Since the ultimate type of target is a performance skill, there are no embedded product targets
Summative Assessment
Formative/Classroom
Assessment for
Learning
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Clear Learning Targets• We need clear targets to… • Know if the assessment adequately covers what
we taught• Correctly identify what students know and don’t
know• Have students self-assess or set goals for future
study that are likely to help them learn more• Keep track of student learning target by target • Complete a standards-based report card
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Assess How?
Classroom Assessment for Learning
Formative Assessment
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Assess When?
Classroom Assessment for Learning
Formative Assessment
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The only difference in Formative Assessment (as described above)
and Classroom Assessment for Learning is the student
involvement component.
Classroom Assessment for Learning
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What Are the Benefits of Assessment FOR Learning ?
• Making student thinking and understanding more visible
• Using results primarily to shape and adjust what happens next in classrooms, rather than to provide a grade or mark
• Using assessment to encourage, not discourage, student effort
• Engaging students in thinking about themselves as learners
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Review of Research Literature
…achievement gains from using such assessment-for-learning strategies were “among the largest ever reported for educational interventions.”
-Black and Wiliam (1998)
• More frequent testing does not necessarily mean greater gains.
• The strategies Black and Wiliam refer to involve students in the entire process.
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What a Difference a Word Makes
Video Presentation by Rick Stiggins
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A Balanced Approach
“Teachers involve their students in classroom assessment, record-keeping, and communication during learning. But, when it’s time for students to be accountable for what they have learned, the teacher takes the lead in conducting assessments OF learning.”
-Richard J. Stiggins
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Assessment OF and FOR
Learning
Sort Activity:• Assessment for Learning• Assessment of Learning• Not Sure
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Needed Improvements to Realize Gains
• Increased commitment to high-quality classroom assessments
• Increased descriptive feedback; reduced evaluative feedback
• Increased student involvement in the assessment process
Black and Wiliam, 1989
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Descriptive or Evaluative Feedback?
You made some simple mistakes
multiplying 3-digit numbers.
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The giving of marks and the grading function are overemphasized, while the giving of useful advice and learning function are underemphasized.
--Black & Wiliam,1998 http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/learningaboutlearning/movies/feedbackonlearningdylanwiliam.asp
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Feedback
• Take a minute to read over the research on effective feedback (handout).
• Discuss with those at your table.• Summarize important ideas from the
research and draw conclusions about effective feedback.
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Effective feedback points out successes and gives specific information about how to improve the performance or product. --Black & Wiliam, 1998: Black et al, 2002; Bloom, 1989; Brown, 1994
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Effective learners operate best when they have insight into their own strengths and weaknesses and access to their own repertoires of strategies for learning.
--Brown, 1994
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Feedback is effective when it offers information about progress relative to the intended learning goal and about what action to take to reach the intended learning goal.--Hattie & Timperley, 2005
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Comments directed to the quality of the work—what was done well and what needs improving—increase student interest in the task and level of achievement.
--Butler, 1988
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Frequently feedback is used to push students to “do more” or “do better,” without being specific enough to help students know what to do. This type of feedback is generally ineffective.--Hattie & Timperley, 2005
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Research shows that feedback that EMPHASIZES LEARNING GOALSEMPHASIZES LEARNING GOALS leads to greater learning gains than feedback that emphasizes self-esteem.
--Ames, 1992; Butler, 1998; Dweck, 1986
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Feedback that cues the individual to direct attention to selfself (praise, effort, etc.) rather than to the quality of thequality of the tasktask appear to have a negative effect on learning. Many studies speak to effective teachers praising less than average.
--(Cameron & Pierce, 1994; Kluger & DiNisi, 1996)
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Intensive correction, where the teacher marks every error in every paper a student writes, is completely useless. Marking all errors is no more advantageous in terms of student growth than marking none of them.
--Hillocks, 1986
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Grading every piece of work is misdirected. A numerical grade does not show students how to improve their work. Further, students ignore comments when grades are given.
--Butler, 1998
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When teachers substituted comments for grades, students engaged more productively in improving their work.
--Black, et al, 2002
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When receiving feedback emphasizing self-esteem, high-performing students often attribute their performance to effort and low-performing students attribute their performance to lack of ability.
--Butler & Newman, 1995; Cameron & Pierce, 1994; Kluger & deNisi, 1996
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Descriptive Feedback
• Specific comments about the quality or characteristics of the work itself ---has a positive impact on motivation and learning.
– Identify strengths (what was done well)– Explain what student needs to improve– Help student generate strategies for improvement
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Descriptive Feedback
Are you hearing descriptive feedback
when you conduct WalkThroughs?
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Needed Improvements to Realize Gains
• Increased commitment to high-quality classroom assessments
• Increased descriptive feedback; reduced evaluative feedback
• Increased student involvement in the assessment process
Black and Wiliam, 1989
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Student Involvement
Once students become involved, assessment for learning looks more like teaching than it does
testing. It takes advantage of the power of assessment as an instructional tool that promotes learning rather than an event
designed solely for the purpose of evaluating and assigning grades (Davies 2000).
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Adapted from Quality Learning Australia Pty Ltd. 2008
Follower
MasterAll Knowing Provider
Passive Recipient
Coach
Learning Participant
Facilitator and Mentor
Active Self-Starting Learner
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Assessment for Learning Practices Engage and Enable Students
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Framework for High Performing 21st Century Schools
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Framework for High Performing 21st Century Schools
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Multiple Opportunities to Succeed
“If everything counts (is graded) there’s never time to practice – get better.”
Rick Stiggins
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Is a change in assessment philosophy and practice required in order to implement Assessment FOR Learning? Will a change need to occur in administrators, teachers, parents and students?
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Teaming
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Lisa YouellSuperintendent’s Center
for 21st Century Schools
304-558-3199