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How do organisms get their energy?
A. Autotrophs - use sun’s energy directly (plants)
B. Heterotrophs - obtain energy by the foods they eat. (animals)
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* all organisms
use the energy from
the
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HETEROTROPH OR AUTOTROPH?
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Photosynthesis
Process of converting CO2 and H2O, in presence of the sun, into glucose and releasing O2
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Steps of Photosynthesis
1. The pigment chlorophyll captures in the chloroplasts.
2. Energy from the sun is then temporarily stored in the energy storing compounds ATP and NADPH
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3. The ATP and NADPH is then used to power the Calvin cycle which generates glucose and releases O2
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Cellular Respiration
ALL organisms obtain usable energy (ATP) in a process called cellular respiration.
The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis.
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KINGDOM PLANTAE
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Characteristics• Multicellular• Eukaryotic• photosynthetic (autotrophic)• most reproduce sexually and
asexually• Contain cell walls (cellulose),
chloroplasts, and large central vacuole
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Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Comparison Diagram
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Plant adaptations:Introduction to Plants
Plants evolved from aquatic algae Had to gain the ability to conserve water Cuticle – waxy covering, helps prevent
the water loss and is a barrier to microorganisms
Stomata - openings in the outer cell layers of leaves for gas exchange
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Roots - take in water and dissolved minerals
Stems - Transport water and dissolvedsubstances, stores food and water,contains vascular tissue (xylem and
Phloem)Leaves (blade) – site of photosynthesis
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Vascular Tissue – allows faster transport of water and nutrients, provides structure (xylem and phloem)
Seeds - contains an embryo, nutrients, and protective coat; allows seeds to survive in harsh conditions and sprout when favorable
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Transpiration• evaporation of water from plants. • occurs chiefly at the leaves while
their stomata are open for the passage of CO2 and O2 during photosynthesis.
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Classification of Plants
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Divided into 3 basic groups based on evolutionary adaptations.
1. Nonvascular plants (mosses)2. Seedless vascular plants (ferns)3. Seed plants (gymnosperms and
angiosperms)
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1. Non-vascular Plants• Ex. Mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts and
hornworts• 400 million years old; 16,000 species• Gametophyte is dominant• Required water to reproduce –
swimming sperm• No vascular tissue to low to ground• Evolutionary adaptation – Cuticle;
stomata
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2. SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS• Ex. Ferns (pterophyta), whiskferns,
lycopods and horsetails• All are seedless, sperm must swim (no
pollen)• sporophyte is the dominate
generation.• Evolutionary adaptations – roots,
stems and vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
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3. Seed Plants• Gymnosperms “cone-bearers”
(conifers, ginkos) and angiosperms (flowering plants)
• Gametophyte becomes more reduced
• Evolutionary adaptations - Pollination replaces swimming sperm, seed evolved, flower
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