Download - 9.3- Life During the Civil War
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9.3- LIFE DURING THE CIVIL WAR
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BLACK MEN IN THE WAR Emancipation Proclamation allow AA to enlist in Union military
Nearly 180k free black men & fugitives slaves served in the Union army 1st all-black Regiment 54th Massachusetts
Another 15k served in the Navy
Black Soldiers wereCommanded by white officers Paid LessSegregated from white troops
South refused to accept black soldiers until the end of the war Used for digging, cooking, driving wagons, etc.
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54TH MASSACHUSSETTS
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A SOLDIER’S LIFE Confederates
Slept without blankets Scavenged for shoes Food cornmeal bread, potatoes, beans, fruits, & vegetables
Union Many not used to life in battle
Living without luxuries Food hardtack, dried salt pork, potatoes, fruits, & vegetables Hard biscuit made of wheat flour
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ODDS OF DYING Soldiers were not prepared for
horrors of battle “Yankee” (Union soldier) stood a 1 in 8
chance of dying due to illness & a 1 in 18 chance of dying in battle
Rebel faced a 1 in 5 chance of succumbing to disease & a 1 in 8 chance of dying in combat.
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BATTLEFIELD MEDICINE Mid-19th century Doctors had little knowledge of infection & germs Used same unsterilized instruments on all patients Infection spread rapidly in field hospitals
Disease killed thousands of men during the war Crowded camps + unsanitary water = rampant illness Small pox, dysentery, & pneumonia were common
Doctors constantly used amputation because: Wounds so severe that limbs were useless Prevent gangrene & other infections
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PRISONER CAMPS Place for captured enemy soldiers (POWs)
Poorly planned and managed Horrendously overcrowded Disease infested lack of hygiene
1863 prisoner exchange breaks down After EP South would not exchange captured AA soldiers (treated
black soldiers as “rebel slaves” and punished them by death; Lincoln says they are federal soldiers and will execute a confederate soldier for every federal soldier put to death.) Re-enslave or execute them
Lincoln stops prisoner exchange: Causes MASSIVE overcrowding South could barely feed Union POWs
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ANDERSONVILLE PRISONConfederate Prison Camp
Opened in February 1864 (14 months)Purpose- move federal prisoners from Richmond area to place of greater security
45,000 POWs 13,000 deaths (100 per day)Disease, Starvation, Exposure, CrueltySevere overcrowding: at one time, 33,000 men were imprisoned in a space meant for 10,000
Prison Commander Captain Henry Wirzonly man executed for war crimes in the Civil War
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“FORTUNATE” SURVIVORS
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SOUTH LOSING MORALE End of 1862 South’s economy began to suffer b/c of severe food
shortages Collapse of transportation system Blockade of Southern ports Union presence in major agricultural regions
Confederate soldiers began to desert to tend to families suffering from hardships of the war
Spring 1863 food shortages led to riots Richmond, VA several hundred women loot stores for food &
clothing Davis sends in troops to confront & disperse
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UNION WAR BOOMUnion’s economy expanded during the war
Industries supported by the banks
Northern factories operated continuously to provide troops with uniforms & supplies
Need for workers created jobs & increased circulation of money
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WOMEN IN THE WARFilled labor positions vacated by men
FarmersFactory workers
Operated sewing machinesGovernment clerksAccompanied men in the fields
Cooking, sewing, and washingSome Confederate women acted as spies against the UnionSome women went into combat dressed as men: Love, Money, Boredom, Gender Identity
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CIVIL WAR NURSES Women gradually replace men at army nurses
Inspired by famous British nurse Florence Nightingale Elizabeth Blackwell 1st female physician in US
Started 1st training program for nurses Created US Sanitary Commission
Provided medical assistance & supplies to army camps & hospitals
Raised money to send clean bandages, medicine, & food to soldiers
Southern women used their houses to found small hospitals for Confederate soldiers
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CLARA BARTONCalled the “Angel of the Battlefield”
Led search parties to look for wounded Insisted on constantly using clean bandages to help protect wounds from infection
Used own knife to dig out bullets from soldiers
Established American Red Cross in 1881Today provides emergency assistance, disaster relief & medical education to US
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