Noon sunvertical atequator
N
SeptemberEquinox
DecemberSolstice
JuneSolstice
MarchEquinox
DecemberSolstice
March Equinox
Noon sunvertical at
23.5° S
Noon sunvertical
at 23.5° N
N N
S S S
Equator Equator
JuneSolstice
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Sun’s
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Sun’s
rays
Sun’s
rays
93 Exploring the Seasons
Equator
WaxingCrescent
Seco
nd
week First week
Th
ird
week Fourth
wee
k
FirstQuarter
94 Exploring Phases of the Moon
NewMoon
Full Moon
ThirdQuarter
WaningGibbous
WaningCrescent
WaxingGibbous
SCIE
NC
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95
Sola
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96
Lun
ar E
clip
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Eart
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97
Hig
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Lo
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98
Co
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Th
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f th
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Ori
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Eart
hEa
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on
A la
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str
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Eart
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Mat
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Corona
Chromosphere
Photosphere
Core
Prominence
Sunspots
99 Exploring the SunSC
IEN
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100
Th
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nn
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Pla
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us
Mer
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Ma
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mb
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of
Moon
s
0 0 1 2
Peri
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of
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(Ear
th y
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)
0.24
0.62
1 1.9
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(k
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59 243 1 1.
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566,
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101
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Nu
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17 19 18 8 1
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12 29 84 165
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Jupi
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Satu
rnU
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Satu
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Nep
tun
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Plu
to Ura
nu
s
102
Refr
act
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an
d R
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Tele
sco
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SC
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Refl
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Tele
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103
Para
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104
Hert
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105 Exploring the Lives of Stars
A star’s life beginswhen gas and dustin a nebula contractto form a protostar.
When a star begins to run outof fuel, it expands to becomea giant or supergiant.
Small andmedium stars
become redgiants and thenwhite dwarfs.
When a whitedwarf runs out ofenergy, it turnsinto a black dwarf.
Giant andsupergiant stars
can blow up intosupernovas.
The remains of thesupernova becomea neutron star.
The remains of the mostmassive stars collapse intoblack holes. Not even lightcan escape from a black hole.
Nebula
Protostar
Red Giant or Supergiant
White Dwarf
BlackDwarf
Supernova
Black Hole
NeutronStar
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107
Form
ati
on
of
the S
ola
r Syst
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SC
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A c
lou
d o
f g
as a
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du
stfo
rmed
a s
pin
nin
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isk.
Gas
in
th
e c
en
ter
of
the d
isk
colla
pse
d t
o f
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th
e s
un
.
Th
e r
em
ain
ing
gas
an
d d
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form
ed
th
e p
lan
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.T
he s
ola
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stem
in
clu
des
the
sun
, p
lan
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, an
d b
elt
so
f ro
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ice,
and
du
st.