![Page 1: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AP Biology
All of life is built on carbon
Cells
~72% H2O
~25% carbon compounds
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
~3% salts
Na, Cl, K…
Ch4- Carbon and Molecular
Diversity of Life
![Page 2: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
AP Biology
Chemistry of Life
Organic chemistry is the study of
carbon compounds
C atoms are versatile building blocks
bonding properties
4 stable covalent bonds
H H C
H
H
![Page 3: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
AP Biology
Complex molecules assembled like TinkerToys
![Page 4: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
AP Biology
Hydrocarbons
Combinations of C & H
non-polar
not soluble in H2O
hydrophobic
stable
very little attraction
between molecules
a gas at room temperature
methane (simplest HC)
![Page 5: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
AP Biology
Hydrocarbons can grow
![Page 6: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
AP Biology
Isomers
Molecules with same molecular formula
but different structures (shapes)
different chemical properties
different biological functions
6 carbons
6 carbons
6 carbons
![Page 7: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
AP Biology
Structural isomers- molecules with the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of atoms.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 4.6a
![Page 8: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
AP Biology
Geometric isomers- compounds with the
same covalent partnerships that differ in
their spatial arrangement around a carbon-
carbon double bond.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 4.6b
![Page 9: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
AP Biology
Enantiomers are molecules that are mirror
images of each other
They are like left-handed and right-handed
versions.
Usually one is biologically active, the other
inactive.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 4.6c
![Page 10: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
AP Biology
Form affects function
Structural differences create important
functional significance
amino acid alanine
L-alanine used in proteins
but not D-alanine
medicines
L-version active
but not D-version
sometimes with
tragic results…
stereoisomers
![Page 11: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
AP Biology
Form affects function
Thalidomide
prescribed to pregnant women in 50s & 60s
reduced morning sickness, but…
stereoisomer caused severe birth defects
![Page 12: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
AP Biology
Diversity of molecules
Substitute other atoms or groups
around the carbon
ethane vs. ethanol
H replaced by an hydroxyl group (–OH)
nonpolar vs. polar
gas vs. liquid
biological effects!
ethane (C2H6) ethanol (C2H5OH)
![Page 13: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
AP Biology
Functional groups
Parts of organic molecules that are
involved in chemical reactions
give organic molecules distinctive
properties
hydroxyl amino
carbonyl sulfhydryl
carboxyl phosphate
Affect reactivity
makes hydrocarbons hydrophilic
increase solubility in water
![Page 14: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
AP Biology
Viva la difference!
Basic structure of male & female
hormones is identical
identical carbon skeleton
attachment of different functional groups
interact with different targets in the body
different effects
![Page 15: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
AP Biology
Hydroxyl
–OH
organic compounds with OH = alcohols
names typically end in -ol
ethanol
![Page 16: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
AP Biology
Carbonyl
C=O
O double bonded to C
if C=O at end molecule = aldehyde
if C=O in middle of molecule = ketone
![Page 17: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
AP Biology
Carboxyl
–COOH
C double bonded to O & single bonded
to OH group
compounds with COOH = acids
fatty acids
amino acids
![Page 18: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
AP Biology
Amino
-NH2
N attached to 2 H
compounds with NH2 = amines amino acids
NH2 acts as base
ammonia picks up H+ from solution
![Page 19: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
AP Biology
Sulfhydryl
–SH
S bonded to H
compounds with SH = thiols
SH groups stabilize the structure of proteins
![Page 20: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
AP Biology
Phosphate
–PO4
P bound to 4 O
connects to C through an O
lots of O = lots of negative charge
highly reactive
transfers energy between organic molecules
ATP, GTP, etc.
![Page 21: ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundsstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsbiologyapgt/Documents...AP Biology All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042214/5eba6fc15da2b92c85230782/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
AP Biology
Adenine
Triphosphate Ribose
Adenosine Triphosphate THE cellular fuel!