Download - 7.10 Kuhn Chapter 6
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Who first discovered oxygen?
When was oxygen discovered?
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C. W. Scheele
Swedish apothecary
Earliest of the claimants to prepare a relatively puresample of gas
Joseph priestly
British scientist
collected the gas released by heated red oxide ofmercury.
claim to the discovery of oxygen is based upon his
priority in isolating a gas that was later recognized as adistinct species.
1774: identified the gas produced as nitrous oxide
1775: dephlogisticated air- still not oxygen
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Lavoisier Led him to oxygen after Priestleys experiments.
1777: he concluded that the gas was a distinctspecies.
*Discovering a new sort of phenomenon involvesrecognizing that something is and what is it.
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Roentgen
He noticed that a barium platinocyanide screen
at some distance from his shielded apparatus
glowed when being discharged.
The cause of the glow comes in straight lines
from the cathode ray tubes.
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*At what point in Roentgens investigation can
we say that X- rays had been discovered?
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The perception of anomaly played an essential
role in preparing the way for perception of
novelty.
X- rays opened up a new field and thus added tothe potential domain of normal science.
The decision to employ a particular piece ofapparatus and to use it in a particular way carries
an assumption that only certain sorts of
circumstances will arise.
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* Discoveries predicted by theory in advance are parts
of normal science and result in no new sort of fact.
* During the paradigm-change period, scientists usuallydevelop many speculative and unarticulated theories
that can themselves point the way to discovery.
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Electricity was said to be a fluid.
It led to an attempt of bottling the fluid byholding a water- filled glass vial andtouching the water to a conductorsuspended from an active electrostaticgenerator.
Investigators experienced severe shocks.
Leyden jar - to store electrical fluid.
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Characteristics of the Discoveries fromwhich new sorts of phenomena emerge:
The previous awareness of anomaly.
The gradual and simultaneousemergence of both observational andconceptual recognition.
The consequent change of paradigmcategories and procedures oftenaccompanied by resistance.
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Anomaly appears only against the background
provided by the paradigm.
The more precise and far-reaching theparadigm, the more sensitive it is to detectingan anomaly and inducing change.
By resisting change, a paradigm guaranteesthat anomalies that lead to paradigm changewill penetrate existing knowledge to the core.