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Self-Guided Demonstration
Option BHD 3GPP LTE Modulation Analysis
89600 Vector Signal Analysis Software
The 89600 VSA software shown in this document has been replaced by the
new 89600B VSA software, which enables more simultaneous views of virtually every
aspect of complex wireless signals. The instructions provided herein can be used with the 89600B;
however, some of the menu selections have changed. For more information, please reference the 89600B
software help:
Help > Getting Started (book) > Using the 89600B VSA User Interface (book) > VSA Application Window Illustration
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Table of Contents Technology OverviewLTE Overview ........................................................................................................................... 3
Transmission bandwidth .................................................................................................. 3
Transmission schemes ..................................................................................................... 3
Modulation and coding ..................................................................................................... 3
Physical Layer Channels ....................................................................................................... 4
Downlink physical layer channels and signals ............................................................ 4
Uplink physical layer channels and signals ................................................................. 5
Uplink and downlink physical resource ........................................................................ 5Duplexing Techniques ........................................................................................................... 7
Type 1 (FDD) mode ............................................................................................................. 7
FDD Downlink frame structure ................................................................................... 7
FDD Uplink frame structure ......................................................................................... 8
Type 2 (TDD) mode ............................................................................................................ 9
TDD frame structure: switch-point periodicity ...................................................... 9
TDD special subframe................................................................................................. 10
TDD detailed frame structure ...................................................................................11
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................11
Self-Guided Demonstration
Measurement and Troubleshooting Sequence ............................................................. 12Setting up the demonstration ....................................................................................... 13
Spectrum and Time Domain Measurements ................................................................. 15
Using the spectrogram display .................................................................................... 15
Measuring occupied bandwidth and power .............................................................. 17
Basic Digital Demodulation................................................................................................ 19
LTE FDD downlink analysis ............................................................................................ 19
Navigating around the display ...................................................................................... 20
Frame Summary ................................................................................................................ 21
Constellation .....................................................................................................................22
Detected allocations........................................................................................................22
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) .....................................................................................23
Error Summary table ........................................................................................................23
Selective channel analysis ............................................................................................. 24Resource block data traces ...........................................................................................25
LTE TDD analysis .............................................................................................................26
Advanced Digital Demodulation ....................................................................................... 27
Troubleshooting PBCH and PDDCH impairments .................................................... 28
Measured versus reference power levels .................................................................. 29
MIMO measurements and displays .............................................................................30
MIMO Info table ............................................................................................................... 31
MIMO Common Tracking Error trace ......................................................................... 31
MIMO channel frequency response ............................................................................32
MIMO channel frequency response, adjacent difference......................................32
MIMO condition number ................................................................................................33
Symbol table ......................................................................................................................33
LTE TDD MIMO .................................................................................................................34Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................34
Glossary ..................................................................................................................................35
Related Literature .................................................................................................................36
Web Resources .....................................................................................................................36
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Third-generation (3G) wireless systems, based on W-CDMA, are now being
deployed all over the world. W-CDMA maintains a mid-term competitive edge by
providing high speed packet access (HSPA) in both downlink and uplink modes.
To ensure the competitiveness of the 3G systems into the future, a long term
evolution (LTE) of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access technol-
ogy is being specified in Release 8 of the 3GPP standard. The LTE specification
provides a framework for increasing capacity, improving spectrum efficiency,
improving coverage, and reducing latency compared with current HSPA imple-
mentations. In addition, transmission with multiple input and multiple output(MIMO) antennas is supported for greater throughput, as well as enhanced
capacity or range. To support transmission in both the paired and unpaired spec-
trum, the LTE air interface supports both frequency division duplex (FDD) and
time division duplex (TDD) modes. The following section provides a high-level
description of the LTE physical layer.
LTE Overview
Transmission bandwidth
In order to address the international wireless market and regional spectrum regu-
lations, LTE includes varying channel bandwidths selectable from 1.4 to 20 MHz,
with sub-carrier spacing of 15 kHz. In the case of multimedia broadcast multicast
service (MBMS), a sub-carrier spacing of 7.5 kHz is also possible. Sub-carrier
spacing is constant regardless of channel bandwidth. To allow for operation indifferent sized spectrum allocations, the transmission bandwidth is altered by
varying the number of OFDM sub-carriers:
Table 1. Transmission bandwidth at varied numbers of OFDM subcarriers
Transmission schemes
The LTE downlink transmission scheme is based on orthogonal frequency divi-
sion multiplexing (OFDM). For the LTE uplink, single carrier frequency divisionmultiple access (SC-FDMA), also referred to as DFT-spread OFDM (DFTS-OFDM),
is used. The DL OFDM supports high data rates. The UL SC-FDMA has a lower
peak to average power ratio (PAPR) than OFDM which helps extend the battery
life of mobile LTE user equipment.
Modulation and coding
Just like high speed data packet access (HSDPA), LTE also uses adaptive modu-
lation and coding (AMC) to improve data throughput. This technique varies the
downlink modulation coding scheme based on the channel conditions for each
user. When the link quality is good, the LTE system can use a higher order modu-
lation scheme (more bits per symbol), which will result in more system capacity.
On the other hand, when link conditions are poor due to problems such as signal
fading, the LTE system can change to a lower modulation scheme to maintain an
acceptable radio link margin. The modulation schemes supported for payload in
the downlink and uplink are QPSK, 16QAM and 64Q AM.
For channel coding, both turbo coding and convolutional coding schemes are used.
Turbo coding with a coding rate of 1:3 is used for uplink and downlink transport
channels (TrCH). Convolutional coding is used for the uplink and downlink control
channels.
Transmission Bandwidth [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Number of sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200
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The LTE DL and UL are composed of two sets of physical layer channels: physi-
cal channels and physical signals. Physical channels carry information from
higher layers and are used to carry user data, as well as user control information.
Physical signals are used for system synchronization, cell identification and radio
channel estimation, but do not carry information originating from higher layers.
Downlink physical layer channels and signals
The DL physical channels are physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), physi-cal downlink control channel (PDCCH), and Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH).
The DL physical signals are reference signal (RS) and synchronization signals.
Table 2, below, contains information on the modulation format and purpose for
each of the downlink channels and signals.
Table 2. LTE downlink channels and signals
DLchannels
Full nameModulationformat
Purpose
PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel QPSK Carries cell-specific information
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel QPSK Scheduling, ACK/NACK
PDSCH Physical Downlink SharedChannel
QPSK16QAM64QAM
Payload
PMCH Physical Multicast ChannelQPSK16QAM64QAM
Payload for Multimedia BroadcastMulticast Service (MBMS)
PCFICHPhysical Control Format IndicatorChannel
QPSK
Carries information about the numberof OFDM symbols (1, 2, 3, or 4) usedfor transmission of PDCCHs in asub-frame.
PHICHPhysical Hybrid ARQ IndicatorChannel
BPSK modulatedon I and Q withthe spreadingfactor 2 or4 Walsh codes
Carries the hybrid-ARQ ACK/NAK
DLsignals
Full name Modulationsequence
Purpose
P-SS Primary Synchronization SignalOne of 3 Zadoff-Chu sequences
Used for cell search and identifica-tion by the UE. Carries part ofthe cell ID (one of 3 orthogonalsequences).
S-SS Secondary Synchronization SignalTwo 31-bit BPSKM-sequence
Used for cell search and identi-fication by the UE. Carries theremainder of the cell ID (one of168 binary sequences).
RS Reference Signal (Pilot)
Complex I+jQpseudo randomsequence(length-31 Goldsequence)derived from
cell ID
Used for DL channel estimation.Exact sequence derived fromcell ID, (one of 504).
Physical Layer Channels
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Uplink physical layer channels and signals
Uplink (UL) physical channels are Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH),
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and Physical Random Access Channel
(PRACH). Two types of uplink reference signals are supported: demodulation refer-
ence signal (DM-RS) which is associated with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH
and sounding reference signal (S-RS) which is not associated with transmission of
PUSCH or PUCCH. Table 3, below, has information on the modulation format and
purpose for each of the uplink channels and signals.
Uplink and downlink physical resource
The smallest time-frequency unit for uplink and downlink transmission is called a
resource element. A resource element corresponds to one OFDM subcarrier dur-
ing one OFDM symbol interval. A group of contiguous sub-carriers and symbols
form a resource block (RB), as shown in Figure 1. Data is allocated to each user
in terms of RB.
Table 3. LTE uplink channels and signals
ULchannels
Full nameModulationformat
Purpose
PRACH Physical Random Access Channeluth rootZadoff-Chu
Call setup
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel BPSK, QPSK Scheduling, ACK/NACK
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQPSK16QAM64QAM
Payload
ULsignals
Full nameModulationsequence
Purpose
DM-RS Demodulation Reference SignalBased onZadoff-Chu
Used for synchronization to the UEand UL channel estimation
S-RS Sounding Reference SignalBased onZadoff-Chu
Used to monitor propagationconditions with UE
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Figure 1. Downlink resource grid (Ref 3GPP TS 36.211 ).
For example, for an FDD frame structure using normal cyclic prefix (CP), an RB
spans 12 consecutive sub-carriers at a sub-carrier spacing of 15 kHz, and 7
consecutive symbols over a slot duration of 0.5 ms. Thus, an RB has 84 resource
elements (12 sub-carriers x 7 symbols) corresponding to one slot in time domain
and 180 kHz (12 sub-carriers x 15 kHz spacing) in the frequency domain. Even
though an RB is defined as 12 subcarriers during one 0.5 ms slot, scheduling
is carried out on a subframe, (1 ms) basis. Using normal CP, the minimum
allocation the base station uses for UE scheduling is 1 sub-frame (14 symbols)
by 12 sub-carriers. The size of an RB is the same for all bandwidths; therefore,
the number of available physical RBs depends on the transmission bandwidth,
as shown by Table 4, below.
Channel bandwidth [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Number of resource blocks 6 15 25 50 75 100
Number of sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200
Table 4. Number of resource blocks (RB) and subcarriers for the different uplink and downlink
transmission bandwidths
One downlink slot Tslot
Resource block
N x N resource elementsDL
symb
RB
SC
Resource element
N
x
N
subcarriers
DL
SC
RB
SC
N
subcarriers
RB
SC
N OFDM symbolsDL
symb
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Duplexing Techniques Two radio frame structures are defined in LTE: Type 1 frame structure, whichuses FDD duplexing, and a Type 2 frame structure, which uses TDD duplexing.
Although the two modes differ, the 3GPP committees exercised care to minimize
operational differences.
Type 1 (FDD) mode
The Type 1 (FDD) mode employs a different frame structure depending on
whether the transmission is downlink or uplink. For either link direction,however, a radio frame has a duration of 10 ms and consists of 20 slots, with
a slot duration of 0.5 ms. Two slots comprise a sub-frame. A sub-frame, also
known as the transmission time interval (TTI), has a duration of 1 ms.
Type 1 (FDD) downlink frame structure
Figure 2 shows a DL Type 1 FDD frame structure. As shown in the figure, the
physical mapping of the DL physical signals and channels for a Type 1 FDD framestructure are:
The reference signal (pilot) is transmitted at every 6th subcarrier of OFDMA
symbols 0 & 4 of every slot
PDCCH can be allocated to the first three symbols (four symbols when the
number of RB is equal to or less than 10)
P-SS is transmitted on 62 out of the 72 reserved sub-carriers centered around
the DC sub-carrier at OFDM symbol 6 of slots 0 and 10 of each radio frame
S-SS is transmitted on 62 out of the 72 reserved sub-carriers centered around
the DC sub-carrier at OFDM symbol 5 of slots 0 and 10 of each radio frame
PBCH is mapped to the first four symbols in slot #1 in the central 6 RB
(72 subcarriers). Excludes reference signal subcarriers.
PDSCH is transmitted on any assigned OFDMA subcarriers not occupied by
any of the above channels and signals
Figure 2. DL Type 1 FDD frame structure . For simplicity, the PHICH and PCFICH channels are not
shown.
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Type 1 (FDD) uplink frame structure
The uplink (UL) FDD frame structure is similar to downlink (DL) FDD frame
structure in terms of frame, sub-frame and slot length. An FDD UL slot structure
is shown in Figure 3, below.
The FDD UL demodulation reference signals, which are used for channel
estimation for coherent demodulation, are transmitted in the fourth symbol (ie.
symbol number 3) of every slot.
A mapping for PUCCH format 1a/1b is shown in Figure 4 below. Other PUCCH
formats exist that use the inner RB.
Figure 3. Mapping of PUSCH and demodulation reference signal for the PUSCH.
Figure 4. Example of PUCCH mapping and demodulation reference signal for PUCCH.
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Type 2 (TDD) mode
The LTE frame structure 2 (FS2) is defined as a TDD mode. While there are
significant differences between the TDD and FDD, care was taken so that there
are no operational differences between the two modes at higher layer or in the
system architecture. At the physical layer, the fundamental design goal was to
achieve as much commonality between the two modes as possible.
TDD frame structure: switch-point periodicityUnlike the FDD mode, there is no separate UL/DL frame structure. Instead, there
are two supported switch-point periodicities where the transmission switches
between DL and UL, 5 ms and 10 ms, each with an overall length of 10 ms and
divided into 10 subframes. The TDD frame structure is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Type 2 TDD frame structure for 5 ms switch-point periodicity (top) and 10 ms periodicity
(bottom). Note the difference in subframe 6.
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TDD special subframe
For the 5 ms switch-point periodicity radio frame, subframe 6 is a special
subframe, identical to subframe 1. For the 10 ms switch-point periodicity
radio frame, subframe 6 is a regular downlink subframe. Table 5 illustrates the
possible UL/DL allocations which have been specified in the 3GPP standard for
Type 2 TDD mode for both 5 ms and 10 ms periodicities.
As shown in Figure 5, the special subframe consists of the following fields:
Downlink Pilot Timeslot ( DwPTS),Guard Period (GP), and Uplink Pilot Timeslot
(UpPTS). The total length of these fields is 1 ms. However, within the special
subframe the length of each field may vary depending on co-existence
requirements with legacy TDD systems and supported cell size. Table 6 provides
the supported special configurations which are also specified in 3GPP.
Table 5. Uplink-downlink configurations (36.211 Table 4.2.2)
Table 6. Configuration of special subframe length (by Ts unit)
Uplink-downlink
configuration
Downlink-to-uplink
switch-point periodicity
Subframe number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D
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TDD detailed frame structure
Figure 6 shows a detailed physical layer definition of a TDD frame for 5 ms
downlink-to-uplink switch-point periodicity. Unlike the FDD frame structure,
where the primary and secondary synchronization signals are contiguously
placed within one subframe, for TDD the two signals are placed in different
subframes and separated by two OFDM symbols.
Again, this frame structure is designed for maximum commonality with the FDD
mode at the physical layer.
The 3GPP LTE standard provides exciting new capability for wireless users, with
an accompanying complexity of signal structure. The 89600 VSA software will
allow you to examine that complexity with powerful troubleshooting tools. The
examples to follow will use both TDD and FDD signals for different parts of the
demonstration guide. However, thanks to their similarity at the PHY layer, you
will be able to apply almost all of the same measurement techniques to eithermode.
Figure 6. FS2 (TDD) frame structure with 5 ms switch-point periodicity. Note the location of theprimary synchronization (P-SS) and secondary synchronization (S-SS) signals.
Conclusion
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Setting up the demonstration
Table 7 describes the minimum hardware required to run the 89600 VSA software.
Table 8 describes the 89600 VSA software required to use this demonstration
guide. If you do not already have a copy of the software, you can download
a free trial version at www.agilent.com/find/89600.
Table 7. System requirements
CharacteristicMicrosoft Windows
XP Professional
Microsoft Windows Vista Business,
Enterprise, or Ultimate
CPU
600 MHz Pentium or AMD-K6
> 600 MHz (> 2 GHz recommended)
1 GHz 32-bit (x86)
(> 2 GHz recommended)
RAM 512 MB (1 GB recommended) 1 GB (2 GB recommended)
Video RAM 4 MB (16 MB recommended) 128 MB (512 MB recommended)
Hard disk 1 GB available 1 GB available
Additional
drives
CD-ROM to load the software;
license transfer requires a 3.5 inch floppy
disk drive, network access,
or USB memory stick
CD-ROM to load the software;
license transfer requires network access,
or a USB memory stick
Interface
support2
LAN, GPIB, USB, or FireWire1 interface
(VXI HW only)
LAN, GPIB, USB, or FireWire1 interface
(VXI HW only)
Table 8. Software requirements
Version 89600 version 11.00 or higher (89601A, 89601AN, 89601N12)
Options
-200
-300
-BHD
-BHE
(89601A, 89601AN only)
Basic vector signal analysis
Hardware connectivity (required only if using measurement hardware)
LTE FDD modulation analysis
LTE TDD modulation analysis
1. For a list of supported IEEE-1394 (FireWire) interfaces, visit www.agilent.co m/find /89600 and search the FAQ's for
information on "What type of IEEE-1394 interface can I use in my computer to connect to the 89600S VXI hardware?"
2. No interfaces or hardware required to follow the demonstration steps listed in this guide.
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This is a 60 msec recording of a downlink TDD signal. You can use the controls
of the player just as you would other players. Your display should look similar to
Figure 7.
Figure 7. Time and frequency display of 5 MHz TDD downlink signal.
Note: This first figure includes
the menu toolbar and status
bar on the top and bottom of
the window, respectively. In
the interest of displaying asmuch information as possible,
the remaining figures will not
display them. You can toggle
them on/off by clicking Display
> Appearance > Window
Table 9. Recall the demonstration signal
Instructions: 89600 VSA software Toolbar menus
Preset the software
File > Preset > Preset All
Note: Using Preset Allwill cause all saved user stateinformation to be lost. If this is a concern, save the currentstate before using Preset All.
Click File > Save > Setup
Note: The Menu/Toolbars, Display Appearance, andUser Color Mapmay also be saved in a similar way.
Recall the demonstration signal. This is a 10 ms
switch point periodicity LTE TDD downlink signal
with 5 MHz bandwidth.
File > Recall > Recall Recording > LTE > LTE_
TDD_DL_5MHz_v860.sdf
(Default directory is C:\Program Files\Agilent\
89600 VSA\Help\Signals)
Click Open
Start playback of the recording Press (toolbar, left)
Auto scale both traces. Note that you need to
make sure to do this when the signal is turned on.
Right click in Trace A. Then select Y Auto Scale.
Right click in Trace B. Then select Y Auto Scale.
Turn on the signal player Control > Player
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The first step in the troubleshooting process is to set up the signal measurement
parameters, such as range and scaling, and verify its spectral and time domain
behavior before demodulation takes place.
Using the spectrogram display
First, lets take a look at the overall characteristics. Well use the spectrogram
capability to see how the signal changes over time and frequency. In addition,
you will get a chance to see how overlap processing works.
The spectrogram is a three-dimensional display that shows the changes in signal
spectrum over time. It is particularly useful when analyzing time-varying signals.
Features of signal transients, OFDM signal structure, and spectral splatter can
all be identified with this display.
Using overlap processing improves its usefulness further. Overlap processing
causes the analyzer to adjust the amount of new data it uses for each time
record, and has the effect of causing the signal to replay in "slow motion." It is
particularly useful for locating and examining transients.
You can find out more about overlap processing by pressing Help > Contents > andthen typing overlap processing in the search block. Since this is a 60 msec recording,
we should be able to analyze multiple frames. However, overlap processing
extends the length of time a signal takes to display in a spectrogram. So, in the
steps that follow, well have to turn off overlap processing in order to see the full
2-frame, 20 msec behavior.
Spectrum and time domain measurmentsGet basics right, find major problems
Basic digital demodulation
Signal quality numbers, constellation, basic error vector measurement
Advanced digital demodulationFind specific problems and causes
Spectrum and TimeDomain Measurements
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While we were able to measure the approximate occupied bandwidth using
the spectrogram markers, you can make more precise measurements using the
89600 VSAs OBW markers and band power markers.
Measuring occupied bandwidth and band power
Table 11. Using OBW markers
Instructions: 89600 VSA software Toolbar menus
Change to 2-grid display Display > Layout > Stacked 2
Turn off spectrogram markers Right click in Trace A and de-select Show Marker
Turn off the spectrogram display format Right click in Trace A and de-select Show Spectrogram
Turn on OBW marker Right click in Trace A and Select Show OBW
Turn on OBW marker table
(Note: you may want to start and then
pause the recording to get valid data)
Your display should look similar to Figure 9.
Double click on Trace B title (B: Ch1 Main Time).
From the drop down menu which appears, select
Marker (left column) > Obw Summary TrcA
(right column)
Figure 9. Turning on the OBW trace provides basic information in the trace status bar at the
bottom of the display. By activating the Marker OBW summary trace in Trace B, more detailed
information is available.
Table 12. Clear OBW measurement
Instructions: 89600 VSA software Toolbar menus
Clear OBW display
Double click the Trace B title (B: TrcA OBW Summary Data)
Select Channel 1 from the Type menu on the left-hand column
of the drop down menu.
Select Main Time from theDatamenu on the right-hand column of the
menu.
Click OK
Right-click Trace A
De-select Show OBW
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The band power marker feature measures the power of the modulated signal,
or channel power, by integrating over a specified bandwidth in the frequency
domain.
Table 13. Setting up band power marker
Instructions: 89600 VSA software Toolbar menus
Select the band power marker tool
Click Markers > Tools > Band Power
(Or, alternatively, you can click the band power marker button
on the menu toolbar)
Drop the band power marker on
Trace A
On Trace A, move the mouse to the center frequency of the band
to be measured.
Click to drop the marker.
Expand the band power marker
Place the mouse pointer on the vertical band power marker and
left click to drag/expand the marker so it includes the entire
bandwidth.
Note: You may need to adjust the center of the band power
marker by dragging it with the mouse.
The band power should be displayed at the bottom of the window. This is the
total power inside the bandwidth of the band power marker. You can expand or
shrink the width of the marker to measure the power over specific frequencies.
You can control the band power marker more precisely by opening the MarkersProperties window. Click Markers > Calculation to access user-settable text
boxes for setting the center and width of the band power marker.
Figure 10. Band power display.
Note that the band power markers will do more than just band power. They
are, in essence, integrating band markers. So, for instance, they will integrate
EVM between 2 points, if they are used on an EVM spectrum error trace, or
calculate total EVM for a range of RB, if used on an RB EVM error trace.
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Basic DigitalDemodulation
Spectrum and time domain measurmentsGet basics right, find major problems
Basic digital demodulation
Signal quality numbers, constellation, basic error vector measurement
Advanced digital demodulationFind specific problems and causes
Once you have examined your signal and verified that there are no major spectral
or time problems, the next step is to demodulate it. We'll set up a constellation
display and measure basic I/Q parameters using the LTE demodulator as shown
in Table 14. This time we will recall a recording of an LTE FDD format signal.
Remember, though, that the measurements and displays you will see will apply to
LTE TDD signals as well.
LTE FDD downlink analysis
Your display should look similar to Figure 11.
Table 14. Recall demo signal package
Instructions: 89600 VSA software Toolbar menus
Preset the software. In general, this is
a good thing to do prior to beginning
measurements with a new modulation
format.
File > Preset > Preset All
Note: Using Preset Allwill cause all saved user state information
to be lost. If this is a concern, save the current state before using
Preset All.
Click File > Save > Setup
Note: The Menu/Toolbars, Display Appearance, andUser
Color Mapmay also be saved in a similar way.
Recall demo signal package for LTEFDD downlink signal. Using this feature
will recall the selected signal, with its
pre-defined setup file. In addition it will
open your browser to display an html
format file which will have additional
information on the signal. You can
read this information or just close the
browser window.
File > Recall > Recall Demo > LTE > LTE_FDD_DL_5MHz_v860.htm
(Default directory is C:\Program Files\Agilent\89600 VSA\
Help\Signals)
Click Open
Start the signal. Once it has populated
the display, pause the signal. LTE
demodulation is a resource-intensive
measurement, and pausing it will let us
make changes to the display faster.
Press Start (toolbar, left)
Once all displays are painted, pause the analysis by pressing the
pause/restart key (toolbar, left)
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Figure 13. Control the display layout of your measurements using the menu toolbar or the quick-
select button located just below the toolbar.
To change the layout of the displays, go to the menu toolbar and click on Display
> Layout > You can choose to display 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 traces, in either stacked
or grid format. Alternatively, you can click on the display layout quick-select
button, located just below the menu toolbar. See Figure 13 for an example of
both methods.
Frame Summary
Lets take a look at each display. First, lets start with Trace F, the Frame
Summary (see Figure 14). This trace is a table of all detected signals and chan-
nels. Important overall information is provided: error (EVM), power, modulation
format, and number of resource blocks detected. Note that each channel and
signal has a unique color. This same color will be used throughout the other
displays, whenever channel or signal type is available or important. Thus, the
Frame Summary serves as a first-level troubleshooting tool, as well as a legendfor the other traces.
Figure 14. The Frame Summary display provides a quick overview of the entire frame structure.
It also serves as the color-code legend for the other traces.
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Figure 15. Detail in the constellation display can be seen when you use the Select Area marker
to scale and expand the X and Y axis.
Constellation
Trace A shows a constellation. The colors in this constellation match the colors
in the Frame Summary. You can see that some dots in the constellation appear
to have multiple colors. You can use the 89600 VSAs Select Area marker to
expand the X and Y axis to gain further resolution. See Figure 15 as an example.
The Select Area marker is highlighted with a red box.
Figure 16. The Detected Allocation Time trace
provides detailed visual information about your
signal structure.
Detected allocations
Trace B is the Detected Allocations Time trace for Layer 0. See Figure 16. This
signal is not MIMO, so only results for Layer 0 are available. This trace is also a
good way to get an overall view of your signal. It shows the subcarriers versus
symbols, color-coded to show what signals and channels are occupying the
symbols and subcarriers. Again, if you want greater detail, use the Select Area
marker to expand the X and Y axis scaling. Use this trace to confirm your signal
structure.
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Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)
Traces C and E plot the EVM versus frequency (sub-carrier) or time (symbol).
The average error value for a given sub-carrier or symbol is shown in white. The
89600 VSA provides you with some useful tools for tracking errors, including
marker-coupling. Marker coupling allows you to look at an error or item of
interest, and see what it looks like in the other domains. To see how marker
coupling works, follow the steps in Table 15.
Your display should look similar to Figure 17.
Figure 17. Marker coupling allows you to track errors between traces. Note that the
marker readout area (bottom of display) verifies that the marker is indicating the
same point in all traces.
Error Summary table
Trace D shows the Error Summary table. See Figure 18. This table provides
parametric data for the signal, including EVM, frequency errors, power, and
IQ errors. This table also shows the cyclic prefix length mode, the cell ID, and
whether the VSA is set up for the resource signal pseudo random sequence to
be custom or standard (3GPP).
Table 15. Marker coupling
Instructions: 89600 VSA software Toolbar menus
Turn markers ON in Traces A, B, C, ERight-click in Trace A and select Show Marker.
Do the same for Traces B, C, and E.
Couple markers. As you activate a marker
in one trace, youll be able to see where
that data point is in another trace.
Click in any trace (A, B, C, or E). This activates the trace.
On the menu toolbar, click Markers > Couple Markers.
In the EVM Time Trace E, place a
marker on a peak. This will put the mark-
er to the symbol with the highest EVM.
Right click on Trace E and select Peak.
Note: the location of the marker in Traces A, B, C. (It may be
at the extreme beginning of the EVM spectrumandDetected
Allocations Trace.)
Choose another peak. Note howthe marker location in all the other
traces moved as well. Often you can see
similarities with other error peaks, which
might indicate a problem. In this case,
for example, most of the higher peaks
appear to be associated with the first or
last carriers. The higher EVM here could
be associated with filter cut-off problems.
On the display, choose another high peak. Or, you can use the
marker search function.
Click Markers > Search > Peak Right (or Peak Left)
Figure 18. The Error Summary Table provides important information
about the overall signal quality. Note that the peak EVM value was
detected at subcarrier 150, as discovered in the previous section.
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Table 16. Selective channel analysis
Instructions: 89600 VSA software Toolbar menus
Turn markers OFF in Traces A, B, C, E Right-click in Trace A and de-select Show Marker. Do the samefor Traces B, C, and E.
Exclude control channels and signals
from the analysis results
Your results should look similar to Figure 19.
By selecting and de-selecting channels,
you can focus your analysis and trou-
bleshooting on one area at a time.
Click MeasSetup > Demod Properties > Profile (tab)
Un-check P-SS, S-SS, PBCH, PCFICH, PHICH, PDCCH, and RS
Click Close
Re-select all the channels and signals
before continuing
Click MeasSetup > Demod Properties > Profile (tab)
Select Incl. All
Click Close
Selective channel analysis
The analysis software allows users to make EVM measurement on selected
channels only. Let's set up the analyzer to measure EVM for the data
channels, but not for control channels and signals.
Figure 19. Using the VSAs channel select capability, you can investigate the behavior of
each class of channel and signal, independently.
Its important to note that, although we may have de-selected certain
channels or signals, the Frame Summary Table will continue to display
information for all available channels and signals.
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Resource block data traces
The information shown in the previous section reflects the default trace data selec-
tions. But for LTE, there is another important view of your signal: by resource block
(RB). The 89600 VSA has four views of RB performance: EVM by RB, EVM by slot,
power per RB, and power per slot. Lets take a look at these, as well as the Symbol
Table, by following the instructions in Table 17.
Table 17. Display RB traces plus Symbol Table
Instructions: 89600 VSA software Toolbar menus
Change Trace A to display EVM by RB
for each time slot
The EVM for each time slot is shown,
along with an average line (shown in
orange on this display)
Select Trace A by clicking anywhere in it.
Double click on the Trace A title (currently A: Layer 0 OFDM
Meas).
From the left hand column, select Layer 0. From the right hand
column select RB Error Mag Spectrum.
Right click in the trace then select Y Auto Scale.
ChangeTrace B to display power in each RB
for all time slots. The power for each time slot
is shown, along with average power.
Double click on the Trace B title. From the left hand column, select
Layer 0. From the right hand column select RB Power Spectrum.
Right click in the trace then select Y Auto Scale.
Change Trace C to display EVM per time
slot, for all RB. The average EVM value
across all RB is also shown.
Double click on the Trace C title. From the left hand column, select
Layer 0. From the right hand column select RB Error Mag Time.
Right click in the trace then select Y Auto Scale.
Change Trace D to display power in
each RB, across all time slots
Double click on the Trace D title. From the left hand column, select
Layer 0. From the right hand column select RB Power Time.
Right click in the trace then select Y Auto Scale.
Change Trace E to display the Symbol TableDouble click on the Trace E title. From the left hand column, select
Layer 0. From the right hand column select Symbol Table.
Your display should look similar to Figure 20.
Figure 20. Error and power data by RB or slot. Note that an RB may contain channel and signal
data, so no color coding is used. In contrast, the Symbols Table uses the same color-coding given
in the Frame Summary.
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LTE TDD analysis
Although this section used an LTE FDD signal, you can make the same measurements
using an LTE TDD signal. Table 18 shows you how to recall an LTE TDD recording.
With that, you can perform all of the measurement steps shown in this section.
When you are finished, your display should look similar to Figure 21.
Figure 21. The LTE TDD demo signal shows obvious differences from the LTE FDD demo signal used in
the previous section. However, all the same tools are available here as well.
Table 18. Recalling an LTE TDD recording
Instructions: 89600 VSA software Toolbar menus
Preset the software. In general, this is
a good thing to do prior to beginning
measurements with a new modulation
format.
File > Preset > Preset All
Note: Using Preset Allwill cause all saved user state information
to be lost. If this is a concern, save the current state before using
Preset All.
Click File > Save > Setup
Note: The Menu/Toolbars, Display Appearance, andUser
Color Mapmay also be saved in a similar way.
Recall demo signal package for LTE
TDD downlink signal. Using this feature
will recall the selected signal, with its
pre-defined setup file. In addition it will
open your browser to display an html
format file which will have additional
information on the signal. You can
read this information or just close the
browser window.
File > Recall > Recall Demo > LTE > LTE_TDD_
DL_5MHz_v860.htm
(Default directory is C:\Program Files\Agilent\89600 VSA\
Help\Signals)
Click Open
Start the signal. Once it has populated
the display, pause the signal. This is
because the LTE demodulation is a
resource-intensive measurement, and
pausing it will let us make changes to
the display faster.
Start (toolbar, left)
Once all displays are painted, pause the analysis by pressing the
pause/restart key (toolbar, left)
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27
Advanced DigitalDemodulation
Spectrum and time domain measurmentsGet basics right, find major problems
Basic digital demodulation
Signal quality numbers, constellation, basic error vector measurement
Advanced digital demodulationFind specific problems and causes
Advanced demodulation techniques allow you to focus in on signal errors, or set
up the analyzer so that more detailed troubleshooting is possible. Next, well begin
analyzing a 5 MHz LTE FDD DL 4x4 MIMO signal with impairments. It is centered at
1 GHz. In the signal the PBCH power is 2 dB high and the PDCCH channel power is
1 dB high. This signal includes direct MIMO paths only; there are no cross-channel
paths.
Table 19. Recall impaired LTE FDD DL 4x4 MIMO signal
Instructions: 89600 VSA software Toolbar menus
Preset the software. In general, this is a
good thing to do prior to beginning mea-
surements with a new modulation format.
File > Preset > Preset All
Note: Using Preset Allwill cause all saved user state information to be
lost. If this is a concern, save the current state before using Preset All.
Click File > Save > Setup
Note: The Menu/Toolbars, Display Appearance, andUser
Color Mapmay also be saved in a similar way.
Before starting the measurement, we
must enable 4x4 analysis. To do this, we
must set up the hardware to simulate an
Agilent 4-channel Infiniium scope.
In the toolbar: Utilities > Hardware > ADC1(tab) > scroll down and
check SIM::Infiniium. Select any tab with a red check and uncheck all
checked boxes.
Press OKIn the toolbar press: Input > Channels > 4 Channels
Recall the demo signal package for the
LTE FDD 4x4 MIMO downlink signal.
File > Recall > Recall Demo > LTE> LTE_FDD_
DL_5MHz_4x4_v860.htm
(Default directory is C:\Program Files\Agilent\89600 VSA\
Help\Signals)
Click Open
Start the signal playback. Once it has
populated the display, pause the signal.
Press Start (toolbar, left)
Once all displays are painted, pause the analysis by pressing the
pause/restart key (toolbar, left)
The measurement set-up file sets all of
the parameters for measuring the modu-lation on the signal. You can change
most parameters. Adjustment of some
parameters is limited by the length of
the recording or the capabilities of the
platform use to record the signal. To see
what these modulation parameters are,
check the Demod Properties tab.
MeasSetup > Demod Properties > Format (tab)
Note: Click the Helpbutton (lower right of the menu) for an
explanation of the controls.
Auto scale Traces C and ERight click on Trace C and select Y Auto Scale. Repeat for Trace E.
The display should look similar to Figure 22.Figure 22. LTE FDD DL 4x4 MIMO with impairments.
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Troubleshooting PBCH and PDDCH impairments
In examining Traces C and E, it is obvious that something is wrong with the PBCH
and PDDCH channels. We can tell this by noticing that two colors, yellow and
bright green are in the EVM traces, elevated and if we put a marker on those
colors we can read their titles and values. The channel's EVM and power can be
seen in Trace F, Frame Summary.
To begin the troubleshooting process, we will isolate the problem channels in
order to analyze them in detail.
The reference IQ trace is developed by the VSA software based on the modulation
format, control channel parameters, LTE allocations, and other parameters set by
the user or read in from an Agilent Signal Studio setup file. For more information,
see Help > Contents>Index (tab). Type IQ Ref in the search window, and
select IQ Ref (LTE) as your desired topic.
Your display should look similar to Figure 23. Note that in Trace A, both the
PDCCH (yellow) and PBCH channels (green) are outside the reference target, the
PBCH more so than the PDCCH. This indicates that both channels are higher in
amplitude than expected.
Figure 23. The reference Trace (B, lower), indicates what the constellation would be like if the
data were perfect. The measured Trace (A, upper), indicates what was actually measured and
clearly shows a problem.
Table 20. Troubleshooting PBCH and PDDCH channels step 1: isolate channels
Instructions: 89600 VSA software Toolbar menus
Isolate the PBCH and PDDCH channels
for further analysis.
MeasSetup> Demod Properties > Profile(tab) > Excl. All
Check PBCH and PDCCH in the window
ChangeTrace B to display the reference sig-
nal. This signal represents the ideal locations
of the signal.
Double-click on the Trace B title, and select Layer 0 from the left
hand column, and IQ Ref from the right hand column
Change display format to stacked two Display > Layout > Stacked 2
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Measured versus reference power levels
Now that we have isolated the channels with problems, lets check out the
power levels of the signals, both what should exist (reference IQ power), and
what was actually measured (measured IQ power).
Table 21. Troubleshooting PBCH and PDDCH channels step 2: measured power vs. reference power
Instructions: 89600 VSA software Toolbar menus
Change Trace A to show the measured
power versus time
Double click on Trace A Y-axis title (Const)
Choose Log Mag (db)
Right click in the trace and press Y auto scale
Change Trace B to show the reference
power versus time
Double click on Trace B Y-axis title (Const)
Choose Log Mag (db)
Right click in the trace and press Y auto scale
To simplify the display, turn off the average
line in both traces
Click in Trace A to select it
In the toolbar, press Trace > Digital Demod
In the menu, de-select Show 2D Avg Line (bottom right corner
of dialog box)
Click in Trace B to select it, then repeat above step to remove
the average line
You may need to auto scale the traces again
Display the expected reference power
level and the measured power level, in
order to compare them
When you are done, your display
should look similar to Figure 24.
Click in Trace A to select it
Click on the marker pointer in the toolbar
Place the cursor on a PBCH (green) channel. The information on
the selected point is displayed in the marker status bar at the bot-
tom of the screen.
Repeat for Trace B
Figure 24. Power per carrier for PBCH. Both the measured (Trace A) and expected reference
power (Trace B) are shown. Marker values are shown in the marker annotation area at the bottom
of the window.
The reference power level for PBCH is 0 dB, as shown by the Trace B marker at
the bottom of the display. The actual power level is 2 dB, as noted by the Trace
A marker. You can repeat the steps, beginning with the last step in Table 20 but
this time placing the markers on a PDCCH channel (yellow). If you do this, you
will note that actual power is 1 dB high.
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MIMO measurements and displays
The 89600 VSA software lets you make a wide range of measurements to help
you understand the behavior of your MIMO system. Lets take a look at some of
them.
Table 22. Display MIMO-specific traces and tables
Instructions: 89600 VSA software Toolbar menus
We have made alot of changes to the
measurement set-up, so lets recall the
signal as we did in the beginning, so that
we are at known starting place
File > Recall > Recall Demo > LTE> LTE_FDD_DL_5MHz_4x4_Impair_v860.htm
(Default directory is C:\Program Files\Agilent\89600
VSA\Help\Signals)
Click Open
Start the signal. Once it has populated the
display, pause the signal.
Press (toolbar, upper left)
Once all displays are painted, pause the analysis by pressing
the pause/restart key (toolbar, upper left)
ChangeTrace A to display MIMO info table
Click anywhere in Trace A to activate it
Double-click on the Trace A title
Select MIMO from the left hand column, and Info Table fromthe right hand column
Change Trace B to display MIMO common
tracking error
Click anywhere in Trace B to activate it
Double-click on the Trace B title
Select MIMO from the left hand column, and Common
Tracking Error from the right hand column
Right-click in the trace and select Y auto scale
Change Trace C to display MIMO channel
frequency response
Click anywhere in Trace C to activate it
Double-click on the Trace C title
Select MIMO from the left hand column, and Eq Chan Freq
Resp from the right hand column
Right-click in the trace and select Y auto scale
Change Trace D to display MIMO channel
frequency response adjacent difference trace
Click anywhere in Trace D to activate it
Double-click on the Trace D title
Select MIMO from the left hand column, and Eq Chan Freq
RespAdj Diff from the right hand column
Right-click in the trace and select Y auto scale
Change Trace E to display MIMO condition
number
Click anywhere in Trace E to activate it
Double-click on the Trace E title
Select MIMO from the left hand column, and Eq Cond
Number from the right hand column
Right-click in the trace and select Y auto scale
Change Trace F to display Layer 1
Symbol Table
Click anywhere in Trace F to activate it
Double-click on the Trace F title
Select Layer 1 from the left hand column, and Symbol Table
from the right hand column
Lets take a look at each trace individually. For complete information, see the
Help text.
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MIMO channel frequency response
Trace C, Figure 27, shows the frequency response for all Tx/Rx paths simultaneously.
Each individual trace is computed using the reference signal of the selected
Tx Antenna port. The color-coding maps to the same color-coding used in the
MIMO Info table of Trace A.
Figure 27. Equalizer frequency response traces for all active transmission paths.
MIMO channel frequency response, adjacent difference
The MIMO Eq Chan Freq Resp Diff Trace, Figure 28, shows the channel
response's rate of change with respect to frequency, for each transmission path,
and is computed by subtracting the channel frequency response from a shifted
version of itself (by one subcarrier).
This trace can be used to find the source of a spur or other problem in a signal
that causes high EVM. See the Help text for more information. The color-coding
is again the same as the MIMO Info table.
Figure 28. This trace shows the rate of change for the equalizer frequency response. It can help
distinguish between channel-caused and signal-caused errors.
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MIMO condition number
Trace E shows the MIMO condition number by subcarrier. See Figure 29.
Condition number is a standard measure of how ill-conditioned the MIMO matrix is.
If the condition number is larger than the SNR of the signal, it is likely that
separation of the multiple MIMO transmission paths will not work correctly and
so proper de-coding will not occur.
Figure 29. The equalizer condition number can provide a value of the overall quality of the MIMO
signal.
Symbol table
The Symbol table shows the data transmitted in the MIMO layer selected by the
user. To change the layer data displayed, double-click the trace title and select a
different layer. The color-coding used here matches the Frame Summary table.
Figure 30. Symbol Table for Layer 1. Symbols for the other layers are available as well. The color-
coding matches that of the Frame Summary Table.
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LTE TDD MIMO
Just as a reminder, although the demo signal shown here is FDD, you can also
make the same measurements on an LTE TDD MIMO signal. Included in the LTE
demo signal directory is a 4x2 MIMO example. Press File > Recall Demo > LTE
> LTE_TDD_DL_5MHz_4x2_WithChannel_v860.htm to access it.
The 3GPP LTE standard is a powerful standard which has undergone major
development to provide extensive capabilities to end users. The 89600 VSA
software is designed to provide flexible displays and powerful control of the
measurement parameters in order to dig deep into the signal to troubleshoot it.
Option BHD provides LTE FDD modulation analysis, while Option BHE provides
LTE TDD analysis. Both options are capable of analyzing uplink, downlink, and
2x2, 4x2, and 4x4 MIMO systems. With a careful understanding of how LTE
signals work, you can use the 89600 VSA to uncover virtually all aspects of your
physical layer signal and any problems therein.
Conclusion
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Glossary 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project3G 3rd Generation
AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding
ACK Acknowledgement
CAZAC Constant Amplitude Zero Auto Correlation
CCDF Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function
CP Cyclic Prefix
DL Downlink (base station to subscriber transmission)
DM RS Demodulation Reference SignalDFTS-OFDM Discrete Fourier Transform Spread - Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing
DwPTS Downlink Pilot Timeslot
EVM Error Vector Magnitude
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
GP Guard Period
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
LTE Long Term Evolution
MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
NACK Negative Acknowledgement
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OS Orthogonal Sequence
PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel
PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
PMCH Physical Multicast Channel
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
PRS Pseudo Random Sequence
P-SS Primary - Synchronization Signal
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RB Resource Block
RS Reference Signal (pilot)
SC-FDMA Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple Access
S-RS Sounding Reference Signal
S-SS Secondary - Synchronization Signal
TDD Time Division Duplex
TrCH Transport Channel
TTI Transmission Time Interval
UpPTS Uplink Pilot Timeslot
UL Uplink (Subscriber to base station transmission)
W-CDMA Wideband - Code Division Multiple Access
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Related Literature
Web Resourses
89600 Series Vector Signal Analysis Software,
Technical Overview, 5989-1679EN
89600 Series Vector Signal Analysis 89601A/89601AN/89601N12 Software,
Data Sheet, 5989-1786EN
89600 Vector Signal Analysis demo software,
CD, 5980-1989E
Understanding the Intricacies of LTE, LTE poster, 5989-7646EN
Move Forward to What's Possible in LTE,
Agilent's LTE Solutions Guide, 5989-7817EN
Hardware Measurement Platforms for the Agilent 89600 Series Vector Signal
Analysis Software, Data Sheet, 5989-1753EN
89600S Series VXI-based Vector Signal Analyzers,
Configuration Guide, 5968-9350E
3GPP Long Term Evolution: System Overview, Product Development, and Test
Challenges, 5989-8139EN
Agilent Infiniium Oscilloscopes Performance Guide Using 89600 Vector Signal
Analyzer Software, 5988-4096EN
For additional information, visit:
www.agilent.com/find/89600
www.agilent.com/find/LTE
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