1. f ( Darcy-Weisbach), n ( Manning) C ( Chezy)

0 0 0Lsin L RS =g , A= , = , 0= , R= , S0 = . S0, hf/L 0=fU2/8 ( )

2 20f

0h fU / 8 f USL R R 4R 2g

U 1/2

08gU RSf

Chezy 0U C RS Manning 2/3 1/201U R Sn

1/28gC

f

1/2 1/61/2

1n f R(8g)

2. -

. , ' . , . , , , . :

. , :

) ( ) - . . . , , , KW KW.

) . . : P=nP (1)

( , . ' ), = 1 . .

) ( , ) ' . , , (, ). : P=P-Pm=QH (2) Pm .

) . . ( Q, Q). , : P=P-P-p (3) : ( = Qhp). (. ) . Ho Q. Po = = Q Ho . . ( ), . ( ) , . , ( ) Q . , ' , .

: ) nh ( ) 0 () :

Honh H

(4)

= 0 + h :

p

Hon 1h H h (4)

: hp ( ) . , , .

) v Q

Qnv Q

(5)

Q = Q + Q , (5) : Qn 1v Q Q

(5)

() m (. ) ( ):

Pnm P

(6)

= + Pm :

m

Pn 1m P P

(6) : m .

) . , . ( ) ( ):

Pn

P

(7)

(6) (2) : P Q

Pm m

(7) : P QH QHo on n n n n nm m v hP Q / n Qm

(8)

, - . . 70% 90%. (. ), . .

: .