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50 years of maize and wheat science for improved livelihoods
Dr. Martin KropffDirector General, CIMMYT
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The BIG IMPACT
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CIMMYT Around the World1200 staff from over 50 countries!Key
OfficeField StationProject
China
Zimbabwe
Kenya
Ethiopia
Mexico, HQ
Guatemala
Colombia
KazakhstanIranTurkey
Bangladesh
Nepal
IndiaPakistan
Afghanistan
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1943 – 1965Planting the seed
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Vice President Henry A. Wallace and the Origins of CIMMYT
• In 1940, Henry Wallace witnessed the deterioration of Mexican agriculture on a journey through Mexico
• Wallace urged the Rockefeller Foundation and the Mexican government to establish the experiment station that became the Office of Special Studies.
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‘Sin maize no hay país’ – without maize there is no country
• 800 Mexican maize varieties collected
• By 1947, ten new varieties were available
• 1948 – Mexico achieves self sufficiency in maize
Edwin Wellhausen studying maize collections at Chapingo, 1962
Source: the Rockefeller Foundation
2016: 28,000 varieties of maize stored in genebank
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The success of Borlaug’s wheat program
1. Rust resistance
2. Dwarfing genes
3. Shuttle breeding
Wheat self-sufficiency by 1956
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A call from South Asia
• Drs. Borlaug and Anderson visit India and Pakistan to determine adaptability of Mexican wheat varieties
• Yields are higher than anything harvested before
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1966 – 1991The green revolution and beyond
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Results of the Green Revolution
Source: Index Mundi, 2014
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
10000019
6019
6319
6619
6919
7219
7519
7819
8119
8419
8719
9019
9319
9619
9920
0220
0520
0820
1120
14
Whe
at p
rodu
ctio
n (1
000
MT)
IndiaPakistan
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Establishment of the international nurseries
2016
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Establishment of the CGIAR
• CIMMYT was one of the first CGIAR centers
• Today, the CGIAR comprises 15 such centers, all dedicated to sustainable food security through scientific research
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Strengthening national research capacity
Traineecountryorigin
1963-2015: 1066 wheat improvement course trainees
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Research begins on Quality Protein Maize
• Production of maize with same taste but higher levels of lysine and tryptophan
• An important step in combating child and maternal malnutrition
In 2016: 624 tons of certified QPM seed was produced by private seed companies in Ethiopia
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1992 – 2006Sustainable development and the green evolution
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Tackling drought in Africa
• CIMMYT and IITA – first maize varieties capable of withstanding drought and low soil nitrogen
• 2002: Over 500 tons of commercial quality seed released. 30 OPVs and hybrids released to farmers.
• 25-50% yield advantage under drought
2007 to 2014: over 200 DT and nutrient use-efficient maize varieties released through over 100 private sector companies in 14 countries in Africa.
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Wellhausen-Anderson Genetic Resources Center Opens
• World’s largest collection: 175,000 maize and wheat accessions
• ISO-certified germplasm banks
• Facilities for recording, processing, conditioning, packing, and distributing seed
• 30 tons seed shipped to 80 countries each year
• 1,300 visitors annually
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Resource conservation
• Reduced and conservation tillage practices in Latin America, Africa and Asia
• Adaptation of available farm tools
2016: Over 200,000 small-scale producers using certified maize varieties and conservation agriculture practices, with 23% greater incomes
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Zero Tillage in South Asia
• 2005: Zero and reduced till wheat/rice on 2 million hectares
• Local development of ZT tools and service industry, and 15% decrease in production costs for farmers
2012 to 2015: From 17 to 1,900 ZT service providers in Bihar, allowing farmers to increase wheat yields by 19%
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Conventional tillage versus CA
Conservation agriculture in southern Africa
• Conservation agriculture + improved varieties = 30-60% greater productivity and 40-100% greater income under drought
2010 to 2015: 173,000 farming households adopt conservation agriculture
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2007 – 2016Bringing food security within reach
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Origin of wheat variety releases1994-2014
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
China EUandotherhighincomecountries
FormerSovietUnionCountries
LatinAmerica
SouthAsia Sub-SaharanAfrica
WestAsiaandNorthAfrica
World
Unknown
Non-CGIARparents
CGIARAncestry
CGIARParent
CGIARLine
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2015 maize releases70 varieties commercialized by CIMMYT partners with traits preferred by
smallholder farmers
*Provitamin A varieties promoted under HarvestPlus
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Gender
• Highlighting the (overlooked) roles of women in agriculture
• Creating strategies to design and target research for different social groups (including young people!)
• Building CIMMYT staff capacities
• Being responsive to on-farm demographic changes
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Source: GCDT; online database collections, publications and communications betweenGCDT and responsible banks, 2008-2010
The CGIAR provides 80% of seed to the world
CGIAR improved germplasm
302,482
CGIAR- original landraces, 115,784
USDA, 45,029
AVR
DC
, 742
8VI
R R
usia
, 705
3
AAG
Aus
tralia
, 541
7IP
K Al
eman
ia, 4
400
ICG
R C
hina
, 300
0
OG
N H
olan
da, 2
531
EMBR
APA
Bras
il, 1
800
Nor
dic
Gen
eban
k, 1
548
PGR
C C
anad
a, 1
500
CAT
IE, 5
24
Annualdistributionofseed
Distribution and Development of Seed
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Disease Epidemics: Potential Threat to Production
MaizeLethalNecrosisKenya,Uganda,Tanzania,Rwanda,D.R.Congo,SouthSudan,andEthiopia
StemRust
TarSpotComplexMexico,Colombia,ElSalvador,Guatemala,Nicaragua
FusariumHeadBlight
WheatblastArgentina,Brazil,Bolivia,Paraguay,SouthAsia
Septoria
Mostfeared!Global
China,CaspianandBlackSea,Cona Sur,NorthAmerica,WesternCentralandEasternEurope
North Africa, Ethiopia, Latin America, Southern and Central Europe, Iran, Kazakhstan and Siberia
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2016 …….
2016…
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A new way forward for the CGIAR
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New initiatives and collaborations
• Excellence in Breeding Platform
• Henan University
• BISA – USAID project
• Save a Seed campaign! ($48,000 pledged from seed companies!)
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Thank you for your interest!