469 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 2(5): September-October 2013
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL
PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 1.89***
ICV 3.00***
Pharmaceutical Sciences RESEARCH ARTICLE……!!!
FORMULATION DESIGN AND INVITRO EVALUATION OF EXTENDED RELEASE
TABLETS OF KETOROLAC-USING EUDRAGIT POLYMERS
Y.Ganesh Kumar1*, B.Divya
1, P.Nithin Kumar
2, J.Sreekanth
3, D.Satyavati
4
1Research Scholar, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JNTU Hyderabad, A.P.
2Vikas College of Pharmacy, Shameerpet, Jangaon, Warangal, A.P, India.
3MSN Laboratories Ltd, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
4Sree Dattha Institute of Pharmacy, Sheriguda, Ibrahimpatnam, R.R Dist, A.P.
KEYWORDS:
Ketorolac tromethamine,
Extended Release,
Eudragit.
For Correspondence:
Y.Ganesh Kumar *
Address:
Research Scholar,
Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences,
JNTU Hyderabad.
Email-ID:
ABSTRACT
Ketorolac is an NSAID. It is indicated for short term management of
moderate to moderately severe acute pain, including post surgical
pain, acute musculoskeletal trauma pain and post partum uterine
cramping pain. The biological half life of ketorolac is 3-6 hrs; hence
lower doses of ketorolac are required as loading dose and higher
doses as maintenance dose. Therefore, it is considered as a suitable
drug for the formulation of extended release tablets to prolong its
therapeutic action. In the Present work, studies were carried on the
preparation and evaluation of Extended release tablets of ketorolac
using hydrophilic swellable polymers Eudragit (RSPO,L100,S100)
with a view to obtain sustain release characteristic to achieve
prolonged therapeutic effect by continuously releasing medication
over a extended period of time after administration of single dose.
The dissolution result shows that an increased amount of polymer
resulted in retarded drug release. A concentration dependent drug
release is evident in case of the polymer i.e., lower concentration of
polymers, release is marginally retarded at higher concentration is
considerable. Our prepared Extended release formulation containing
Combination of Eudragit(S100,L100)15 % is probably showing
better release based on 80 –90 % drug release within 8 -9 hours,
which is the average G.I. residence time.
- 470 - | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
INTRODUCTION:
Most conventional oral drug products, such as tablets and capsules are formulated to release the
active drug immediately after oral administration, to obtain rapid and complete systemic drug
absorption. Such immediate-release products result in relatively rapid drug absorption and onset of
accompanying pharmacodynamic effects. However, after absorption of the drug from the dosage
form is complete, plasma drug concentrations decline according to the drug's pharmacokinetic
profile. Eventually, plasma drug concentrations fall below the minimum effective plasma
concentration (MEC), resulting in loss of therapeutic activity. Before this point is reached, another
dose is usually given if a sustained therapeutic effect is desired. An alternative to administering
another dose is to use a dosage form that will provide sustained drug release, and therefore maintain
plasma drug concentrations, beyond what is typically seen using immediate-release dosage forms.
(1)Various types of modified release formulations have been developed to improve the patient
compliance and also clinical efficacy of the drug. The extended release oral dosage forms have been
demonstrated to improve therapeutic efficacy by maintaining steady state drug plasma concentration
(2). Eudragit polymers have been widely studied for their application in oral extended release
formulations. Such hydrophilic polymers are most popular because of their flexibility to get a
desirable drug release profile, cost effectiveness and broad regulatory Eudragit most widely used as
the gel forming agent in the formulations of solid, liquid, semisolid and controlled release dosage
forms. (3, 4)
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Ketorolac was obtained from Bright labs, Hyderabad. Eudragit grades were received as gift samples
from Baris Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad. Other materials were purchased from yarrow
chem. products, Mumbai, India.
RESULTS:
Methodology:
Preformulation Studies:
Standardization of Ketorolac by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer:
In 0.1 N Hcl Solution:
Preparation of stock solution: Stock solution 100µg/ml of Ketorolac was prepared in 0.1N Hcl
solution. This solution was approximately diluted with 0.1N Hcl to obtain a concentration of
10µg/ml. The resultant solution was scanned in range of 200- 400nm using UV double beam
spectrophotometer (Lab India UV-3000+)
- 471 - | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Fig: 1) Lambda Max of Ketorolac in 0.1 N Hcl (316nm)
ii) Standard calibration of Ketorolac in 0.1N Hcl:
100mg of Ketorolac was accurately weighed and dissolved in100ml of 0.1N Hcl to obtain a
concentration of 1000µg/ml. From the above 10ml was withdrawn and diluted to 100ml to obtain a
concentration of 100µg/ml. From this stock solution aliquots of 0.2ml, 1ml, 1.5ml, 2ml and 2.5ml
were diluted in 10ml volumetric flask with phosphate buffer to give concentrations in range of
2µg/ml to 25µg/ml respectively, absorbance was measured at 316nm.
Standard graph of Ketorolac in 0.1 N Hcl:
S.No Concentration (mcg/ml) Absorbance
1 0 0.000
2 2 0.119
3 4 0.229
4 6 0.364
5 8 0.470
6 10 0.568
7 15 0.790
8 20 1.069
Table 1: Standard graph of Ketorolac in 0.1 N Hcl
- 472 - | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Fig 2: Standard graph of Ketorolac in 0.1 N Hcl
In pH 6.8 Buffer:
Preparation of stock solution: Stock solution 100µg/ml of Ketorolac was prepared in phosphate
buffer of pH 6.8. This solution was approximately diluted with phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 to obtain
a concentration of 10µg/ml. The resultant solution was scanned in range of 200- 400nm using UV
double beam spectrophotometer (Lab India UV-3000+)
Fig 3: Lambda Max of Ketorolac in pH 6.8 Buffer (322 nm)
Standard calibration of ketorolac in phosphate buffer of pH 6.8:
100mg of ketorolac was accurately weighed and dissolved in100ml of pH 6.8 phosphate buffer to
obtain a concentration of 1000µg/ml. From the above 10ml was withdrawn and diluted to 100ml to
obtain a concentration of 100µg/ml. From this stock solution aliquots of 0.5ml, 1ml, 1.5ml, 2ml and
2.5ml were diluted in 10ml volumetric flask with phosphate buffer to give concentrations in range of
5µg/ml to 25µg/ml respectively, absorbance was measured at 322nm.
- 473 - | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Table 2: Standard graph of Ketorolac in pH 6.8 Buffer:
S.No Concentration (mcg/ml) Absorbance
1 0 0.000
2 2 0.197
3 4 0.395
4 6 0.583
5 8 0.772
6 10 0.954
7 12 1.151
8 14 1.345
Fig 4: Standard graph of Ketorolac in pH 6.8 Buffer
Drug- Excipient Compatibility by FTIR studies:
In the preparation of ER Tablet, drug and polymer may interact as they are in close contact with
each other, which could lead to instability of drug. Preformulation studies regarding drug-polymer
interactions are therefore very critical in selecting appropriate polymers. FT-IR spectroscopy was
employed to ascertain the compatibility between Ketorolac and selected polymers. The individual
drug and drug with excipients were scanned separately.
- 474 - | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Procedure: Potassium bromide was mixed with drug and polymer in the ratio of 100:1 and pellet
was prepared using KBr pellet press (HORIZON WC-56) and spectrum was taken using FTIR. FT-
IR spectrum of Ketorolac was compared with spectrum of ketorolac and polymer. Disappearance of
Ketorolac peaks or shifting of peak in any of the spectra was studied.
Fig 5: FTIR Spectrum of Pure Drug
Fig 6: FTIR Spectrum of Optimized Formulation
Drug: Excipient Compatibility studies- FTIR:
Drug-Excipient compatibility studies by FTIR revealed no interaction between drug and the
polymers used in the formulation thus showing compatibility.
Angle of repose:
The angle of repose of blends was determined by the funnel method. The accurately weighed blend
was taken in funnel. The height of the funnel was adjusted in such a way that the tip of the funnel
just touched the apex of the heap of the blend. The blend was allowed to flow from the funnel on the
surface. The diameter and height of the heap formed from the blend was measured. The angle of
repose was calculated using following formula
Tan Ѳ= h/r ………… Eqn.(1)
Where, “h” is height of the heap and “r” is the radius of the heap of granules.
3340.530 149.1081592.938 199.099
1545.621 46.128
1492.065 84.620
1468.018 122.392
1378.463 490.199
1274.578 424.215
1045.580 170.856
895.378 78.338
723.810 235.477
590.620 58.229
496.374 132.983
KETOROLAC
3800 3600 3400 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
Wavenumber
%T
ransm
itta
nce
1594.665 63.806
1557.977 -0.027
1533.380 25.693
1492.068 19.213
1309.317 13.955
1275.296 92.285
1046.316 19.253
926.916 37.049
420.996 6.154
415.196 3.936
OPTIMIZED FORMULATION
3800 3600 3400 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
Wavenumber
%T
ransm
itta
nce
- 475 - | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Carr’s compressibility index:
The Carr’s compressibility Index was calculated from Bulk density and tapped density of the blend.
A quantity of 2g of blend from each formulation, filled into a 10mL of measuring cylinder. Initial
bulk volume was measured, and cylinder was allowed to tap from the height of 2.5cm. The tapped
frequency was 25±2 per min to measure the tapped volume of the blend. The bulk density and
tapped density were calculated by using the bulk volume and tapped volume.
Carr’s compressibility index was calculated by using following formula:
Carr’s compressibility index (%) =
[(Tapped density-Bulk density) X100]/Tapped density ….. Eqn. (2)
Pre compression Parameters:
Formulation
No
Angle of
repose (Ө)
Bulk density
(gm/cm3)
Tapped
density(gm/cm3)
Carr’s index
(%)
F1 17 0.5076 0.5696 14.89
F2 21 0.5202 0.5452 15.99
F3 19 0.5192 0.5765 14.11
F4 16 0.5029 0.5947 15.77
F5 31 0.5181 0.6026 18.31
F6 17 0.5092 0.5459 19.35
F7 27 0.5147 0.5444 16.79
F8 22 0.5344 0.6881 16.32
F9 14 0.5019 0.5024 15.84
Table 3: Pre Compression Parameters
Post Compression Parameters:
Table 4: Post Compression parameters
Preparation of tablets: Different tablets formulations were prepared by Wet Granulation
technique. All ingredients were weighed. Required quantities of drug, diluents and polymers were
Formulation
No
Weight
variation (mg)
Hardness
(kg/cm2)
Thickness
(mm)
Friability
(%)
Assay
(%)
F1 298 ± 1.91 4.4 ± 0.4 3.63 0.35 97.34
F2 300 ± 1.72 4.8 ± 0.1 3.92 0.29 96.78
F3 298.9 ± 1.08 4.9 ± 0.3 3.98 0.38 98.71
F4 300.2 ± 4.2 4.5 ± 0.2 3.72 0.32 98.50
F5 300.6± 1.43 4.9 ± 0.9 3.82 0.31 96.09
F6 299.5± 1.95 4.2 ± 0.7 3.56 0.21 97.38
F7 299.7± 1.35 4.7± 0.5 3.47 0.19 98.99
F8 300.5 ± 1.28 4.5 ± 0.4 3.43 0.30 99.57
F9 300.0± 1.19 4.8± 0.3 3.79 0.35 99.48
- 476 - | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
mixed thoroughly with sufficient quantity of binder was added to get the slurry. Then passed
through the 60 mesh sieve. These granules are placed in hot air oven for 15min for evaporating of
unusual binding agent. Then Magnesium stearate was added as lubricant. Aerosil was used as
glidant to the granules shake well, passed through the 40mes sieve. Finally the powder mix was
subjected to compression after mixing uniformly in a polybag. Prior to compression, the blends were
evaluated for several tests. In all formulations, the amount of the active ingredient is equivalent to
30mg of Ketorolac (Table5)
Table 5: Formulation Chart
S.No Ingredient F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9
1 ketorolac 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
2 Eudrgit(RSPO) 30 15 30 - - - 30 - -
3 Eudragit L100 30 15 - 15 30 15 - 30 -
4 Eudragit S100 - - 30 15 30 15 - - 30
5 PVP QS QS QS QS QS QS QS QS QS
6 Mg.Stearate 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 Aerosil 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
8 MCC Qs Qs Qs Qs Qs Qs Qs Qs Qs
Total weight 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Evaluation of tablets:
The weight of tablets was evaluated on 20 tablets using an electronic balance. Friability was
determined using 6 tablets in Roche friability tester at 25rpm. Hardness of the tablets was evaluated
using a Monsanto hardness tester. The hardness of all the formulation was between 4-5 kg/cm2.
In vitro dissolution studies:
In vitro drug release studies from the prepared matrix tablets were conducted using USP type II
apparatus at 37°C at 50rpm. Dissolution mediums used were 900mL of 0.1N HCl and phosphate
buffer of pH 6.8. The release rates from matrix tablets were conducted in HCl solution (pH 1.2) for
2h and changed to phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for further time periods. The samples were withdrawn
at desired time periods from dissolution media and the same were replaced with fresh dissolution
media of respective pH. The samples were analyzed by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (Lab India
3000+). The amounts of drug present in the samples were calculated with the help of appropriate
calibration curves constructed from reference standards. Drug dissolved at specified time periods
was plotted as percent release versus time curve. (5, 6, 7)
Dependent-model method (Data analysis):
In order to describe the losartan potassium release kinetics from individual tablet formulations, the
corresponding dissolution data were fitted in various kinetic dissolution models: zero order, first
- 477 - | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer Peppas. When these models are used and analyzed in the preparation, the
rate constant obtained from these models is an apparent rate constant. The release of drugs from the
matrix tablets can be analyzed by release kinetic theories. To study the kinetics of drug release from
matrix system, the release data were fitted into Zero order as cumulative amount of drug release vs.
time (Eqn.3), first order as log cumulative percentage of drug remaining vs. time (Eqn.4), Higuchi
model as cumulative percent drug release vs. square root of time (Eqn.5). To describe the release
behavior from the polymeric systems, data were fitted according to well known exponential
Korsmeyer – Peppas equation as log cumulative percent drug release vs. log of time equation
(Eqn.6).
(i) Zero order kinetics
Qt=K0t……………………………Eqn. (3)
Where,
Q= Amount of drug release in time t
K0 = Zero order rate constant expressed in unit of concentration /time
t = Release time
(ii) First order kinetics
Log Q=Log Q0-kt/2.303…………Eqn. (4)
Where,
Q0= is the initial concentration of drug
k= is the first order rate constant
t =release time
(iii) Higuchi kinetics
Q=kt1/2………………………...…Eqn. (5)
Where,
k= Release rate constant
t=release time, Hence the release rate is proportional to the reciprocal of the square root of time.
(iv) Korsmeyer-Peppas
First 60% in vitro release data was fitted in equation of Korsmeyer et al. to determine the release
behavior from controlled release polymer matrix system. The equation is also called as power law,
Mt /M∞ =Kt n …………………… Eqn. (6)
Where,
Mt = amount of drug released at time t
M∞ = amount of drug released after infinite time
Mt /M∞ = fraction solute release
t = release time
K = kinetic constant incorporating structural and geometric characteristics of the polymer system
n = diffusional exponent that characterizes the mechanism of the release of traces. The magnitude of
the release exponent “n” indicates the release mechanism (i.e. Fickian diffusion, Non Fickian,
- 478 - | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
supercase II release). For matrix tablets, values of n of near 0.5 indicates Fickian diffusion
controlled drug release, and an n value of near 1.0 indicates erosion or relaxational control (case II
relaxational release transport, non Fickian, zero order release). Values of n between 0.5 and 1
regarded as an indicator of both diffusion and erosion as overall release mechanism
Commonly called as anomalous release mechanism. (8-16)
In vitro dissolution studies:
Table 6: Dissolution release profiles of Formulations F1-F9
Fig 7: Dissolution profiles of Formulations F1-F3 (Using Eudrgit (RSPO), Eudragit L100).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
% Drug Release Of F1
% Drug Release Of F2
% Drug Release Of F3
Time
% D
rug
Re
leas
e
F1-F3
Time
(hours)
Dissolutio
n medium
%
Drug
releas
e
Of F1
%
Drug
release
Of F2
%
Drug
release
Of F3
%
Drug
release
Of F4
%
Drug
release
Of F5
%
Drug
release
Of F6
%
Drug
release
Of F7
%
Drug
release
Of F8
%
Drug
release
Of F9
0
0.1 N
HCl
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 0.45 0.16 0.69 1.56 1.44 3.59 4.00 0.45 0.05
1 1.38 1.27 1.85 3.47 2.31 7.88 5.21 1.84 1.21
2 2.06 2.66 4.40 7.07 2.83 14.79 6.71 3.41 2.89
3
Ph 6.8
Phosphate
Buffer
11.06 9.43 17.17 31.10 11.56 40.03 26.19 25.98 22.96
4 20.82 16.32 31.66 48.53 20.88 55.42 44.07 42.79 38.09
5 30.05 23.15 42.41 59.28 30.39 67.35 53.46 57.82 47.38
6 43.39 30.17 53.76 67.66 43.22 75.85 62.78 71.72 71.80
7 47.64 36.74 59.12 69.47 50.77 83.01 66.41 74.69 75.66
8 57.24 43.20 64.40 76.13 59.17 86.79 89.87 91.03 86.94
9 63.72 49.76 70.40 79.07 67.87 93.27 97.30 104.57 95.99
10 75.60 54.20 76.54 85.07 80.83 98.31 ___ ___ ___
- 479 - | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Fig 8: Dissolution profiles of Formulations F4-F6 (Using Eudragit L100, S 100).
Fig 9: Dissolution profiles of Formulations F7-F9 (Using Eudrgit (RSPO),
Eudragit L100, S 100)
Kinetics of In-vitro Drug Release:
The drug diffusion through most type of polymeric system is often best described by Fickian
diffusion (diffusion exponent, n=0.5), but other process in addition to diffusion are important. There
is also a relaxation of the polymer chain, which influences the drug release mechanism. This process
is described as non- fickian or anomalous diffusion (n=0.5-1.0). Release from initially dry,
hydrophilic glassy polymer that swell when added to water and become rubbery, show anomalous
diffusion as a result of the rearrangement of macromolecular chain. The thermodynamics state of the
polymer and penetrant concentration are responsible for the different type of the diffusion. A third
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
% Drug Release Of F4
% Drug Release Of F5
% Drug Release Of F6
% D
rug
Re
leas
e
Time
F4-F6
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 6 8 10
% Drug Release Of F7
% Drug Release Of F8
% Drug Release Of F9
% D
rug
Rel
ease
Time
F7-F9
- 480 - | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
class of diffusion is case-II diffusion (n=1), which is a special case of non- Fickian diffusion. To
obtain kinetic parameter of dissolution profile, data were fitted to different kinetic model
Table 7: Different kinetic models for Ketorolac ER matrix tablets (F1 to F9)
Code Zero order First order Higuchi Peppas Best fit model
R2 K0
mg/h−1
R2 K1 (h
−1) R
2 K
(mg h−1/2
)
R2 n
F1 0.9474 10.063 0.8592 0.1938 0.8334 23.8548 0.9830 1.9166 Peppas
F2 0.9700 9.4137 0.9021 0.1766 0.8712 23.6698 0.9656 1.7465 Zero-order
F3 0.9820 8.2020 0.9157 0.1455 0.8820 21.6151 0.9781 1.5340 Zero-order
F4 0.8785 10.209 0.7772 0.1920 0.8285 24.6881 0.7632 1.2412 Zero-order
F5 0.9664 9.1268 0.9041 0.1668 0.8594 22.8722 0.9841 1.7415 Peppas
F6 0.9724 4.6413 0.9471 2.0504 0.8364 13.945 0.9798 1.4375 Zero-order
F7 0.9699 8.3884 0.9632 0.1422 0.9049 22.3442 0.9419 1.4277 Zero-order
F8 0.9757 8.6500 0.9669 0.1507 0.9154 23.0754 0.9460 1.3418 Zero-order
F9 0.9641 8.1897 0.9469 0.1388 0.8782 21.6680 0.9519 1.6487 Zero-order
- 481 - | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Fig 10: Kinetic Model (Zero Order)
Fig 11: Kinetic Model (Highuchi)
y = 0.238x - 4.641R² = 0.972
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 100 200 300 400
Cu
mu
lati
ve %
dru
g r
ela
se
time
Zero Order
ZERO ORDER
y = 4.071x - 13.94R² = 0.836
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 5 10 15 20
Cu
mu
lati
ve %
dru
g r
ele
ase
Root Time
Higuchi
HIGUCHI
- 482 - | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Fig 12: Kinetic Model (Peppas)
Fig 13: Kinetic Model(First Ordder)
y = 1.319x - 1.437R² = 0.979
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Lo
g C
um
ula
tive %
dru
g r
ele
ase
Log Time
Peppas
pep…Line…
y = -0.001x + 2.050R² = 0.947
0.000
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Lo
g %
dru
g r
em
ain
ing
time
First Order
first order
- 483 - | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
DISCUSSION:
Preformulation characteristics:
The drug ketorolac was standardized by UV method in 0.1N Hcl and pH 6.8 Buffer separately. The
lamba max were 316nm and 322 nm in 0.1N Hcl and pH 6.8 buffer respectively and the linearity
range was 5-25 mcg/ml in both the media.
Physical characteristics of blends and tablets:
The blends of different formulations were evaluated for angle of repose, Carr’s compressibility
index etc., (Table 3). The results of Angle of repose and Carr’s compressibility Index (%) ranged
from 16-28 and 14-16, respectively which showed that blends from all the formulations having good
flow property. The hardness and percentage friability ranged from 4-5kg/cm2 and 0.18-0.35%
respectively. Ketorolac is a water soluble drug its release from the matrix is largely dependent on the
polymer swelling, drug diffusion and matrix erosion. The concentration of polymer in the sustained
release tablet was a key factor in controlling the drug release.
Various Extended release formulations were formulated with HPMC K100M, Eudragit (RSPO,
L100, and S100) polymer alone; polyvinyl pyrolidone as binder and microcrystalline cellulose was
used as diluents. When cumulative % drug release plotted versus time, it was observed that, for three
of the polymers used, an increase in polymer concentration induce a decrease in the release rate.
CONCLUSION:
The experimental findings can be summarized as follows:
1. IR spectra indicated the absence of probable chemical interaction between the drug and polymers
used in three different proportions.
2. In-vitro dissolution studies showed that tablets of ketorolac in 1:2 proportion, prepared by wet
granulation is the best to increase sustain effect due to increase in the polymer concentration.
3. The extent of drug release decreased with an increase in polymeric content of matrix in the
following order: 1:1 > 1:1.5 > 1:2.
4. Hence it is concluded that tablets of Ketorolac prepared by wet granulation is the best to increase
the sustain action with Eudragit (RSPO, L-100, S-100) polymer in the concentration of 1:2 i.e., drug
to polymer ratio.The extended release tablets of ketorolac were prepared successfully using Eudragit
polymer of different viscosity. According to in vitro release studies, the release rate was decreased
with increasing viscosity and amount of polymer. The results of the study clearly demonstrated that
Eudragit Extended tablet formulation is an effective and promising drug delivery system for once
daily administration of Ketorolac. The analysis of the release profiles in the light of distinct kinetic
models (zero order, first order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer Peppas) led to the conclusion that, the drug
- 484 - | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
release characteristics from ketorolac polymer matrices follows Higuchi square root time kinetics
and the mechanism of drug release was both diffusion and erosion.
Acknowledgement:
The authors are thankful for the management of MSN Laboratories Ltd, Hyderabad, Bright Labs,
Hyderabad and Baris Pharmaceuticals Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad for the gift samples of drug and polymers
used in the work.
REFERENCES:
1. Bankar G.S. and Rhodes C.T. Eds. Modern Pharmaceutics. 3rd
edn., Marcel Dekker, Inc.
New York, 1996, 668-669.
2. Alfonso R. Gennaro, “Extended release and Targeted Drug Delivery systems”, In the science
and Practice of pharmacy, 21th edn. Lippincott Williamsons & Willkins (LWW), Vol -1,
2005; 939 -946.
3. Chein YW. Noval Drug Delivery Systems. 2nd
edn., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1992, 18-
139.
4. Robinson, R, Lee, V. H, “In Controlled Drug Delivery Fundamentals and Applications”, 3rd
edn, Vol. 29, Marcel Dekker Inc: New York, 1995; 35, 373-379.
5. Anton S, Kottai M.A, Wagh B.P. and Manavalan R. Formulation Development and
Evaluation of Ondansetron Hydrochloride Sustained release Matrix tablets. Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2009, 1(4), 48-54.
6. Sapna N, Once daily sustained release tablets of venlafaxine, a novel antidepressant, Eur. J.
Pharm, Biopharm, 54 (2002) 9-15.
7. Debjit, Kumundhavalli and Jayakar B. Formulation and evaluation of sustained release
matrix tablet of Zidovudine. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 2009,
1(1), 14-31.
8. Korsmeyer RW, Mechanisms of solute release from porous hydrophilic polymers, Int J
Pharm ,15 ,25-35,(1963).
9. Chopra S, Patil G.V and Motwani S.K. Response surface methodology for optimization of
Losartan potassium controlled release tablets. Science direct, 2006, 1(5), 15-19.
10. Handbook of pharmaceutical excipients published by American pharmaceutical association,
Washington, USA. The pharmaceutical society of Great Britain, London, England.
- 485 - | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
11. Dhirendra K, Vivek D, Shaila L, Brajesh P, Kavita R. Gajbhiye and Sarvesh Paliwal. Design
and evaluation of sustained-release matrix once daily formulation of Stavudine. International
Journal of Drug Delivery, 2010, 2, 125-134.
12. Ganesan V. and Jayachandran D.L. Design and Evaluation of Matrix tablet of Ambroxol
Hydrocloride using guar gum. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 2008, 1 (4),
507-512.
13. Raymond C Rowe, Paul J Sheske and Sian Cowen, Hand book of pharmaceutical
excipients, Pharmaceutical press. Fifth Edition.
14. Hosseinali T, Seyed A.M. and Tina B.G. Preparation of sustained –release matrix tablets of
Aspirin with Ethyl cellulose, Eudragit RL100, Eudragit RS100, and studying the release
profiles and their sensitivity to tablet hardness. Iranian Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2003,
201-206.
15. Jayaprakash S, Vimal K.S, Kulathuran P.K, Mohamed H.S, Balmukund R.R. and
Nagarajan M. Effect of Hydrophilic matrix on the release behavior of ambroxol HCL.
Intrnational Journal of Pharma Tech Research, 2010, 2(1), 507-510.
16. Cefali E.A, Simmons P.D Improved control of niacin-induced flushing using an
optimized once-daily, extended-release niacin formulation, Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 44 ,
633-640, (2006).