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Hybrid Synergy Drive
HSD logo
LHD logo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article's factual accuracy is disputed.
Please help to ensure that disputed statements
are reliably sourced. See the relevantdiscussion
on the talk page. (January 2013)
Hybrid Synergy Drive(HSD) is the brand name of
Toyotafor hybrid cardrive train technology. It is used in
its Yaris,Auris, Prius, Highlander Hybrid, Camry Hybrid,
Estima,Alphard, Lexus RX400h/RX 450h, Lexus ES300h,
Lexus GS 450h, Lexus LS 600h/LS 600hL, Lexus CT 200h,
Lexus IS 300h, Lexus HS 250hand Lexus NX 300hautomobiles. To yota also
licenses its HSD technology to Nissanf or use in its Nissan AltimaHybrid. Its
parts supplierAisin Seiki Co.of f ers similar hybrid transmissions to o ther car
companies.
HSD technology produces a f ull hybridvehiclewhich allows the car to run on
the electric motor only, as opposed to most other brand hybrids which cannot
and are considered mild hybrids. The HSD also combinesan electric driveanda planetary gearsetwhich perf orms s imilarly to a cont inuously variable
transmission. The Synergy Drive is a drive-by-wiresystem with no direct
mechanical connection between the engine and the engine controls: bot h the
gas pedal/acceleratorand the gearshif t leverin an HSD car merely send
electrical signals to a control computer.
HSD is a ref inement o f the original Toyota Hybrid
System(THS) used in the 1997 to 2003 To yota Prius.
The second generation system THS IIf irst appeared on
the redesigned Prius in 2004. The name was changed in
anticipation of itsusein vehicles outside the Toyota
brand (Lexus; the HSD-derived systems used in Lexusvehicles have been
termed Lexus Hybrid Drive , although the Lexus implementat ion is really a
variation of the T HS III), the THS IIIwas implemented in the 2006 Camry, and
would eventually be implemented in the 2010 "third generation" Prius, and the
2012 Prius c. The THS III is designed f or increased power and ef f iciency, and
also improved "scalability" (adaptability to larger as well as smaller vehicles),
wherein the ICE/MG1 and the MG2 have separate reduction paths, and arecombined in a "compound" gear which is connected t o the f inal reduction gear
train and dif f erential;[1]it was introduced on all-wheel driveand rear-wheel
driveLexus models.[2][3]By May 2007 Toyota had sold one million hybrids
worldwide; two million by the end of August 2009; and passed the 5 million
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Toyo ta 1NZ-FXE engine (left) with
early HSD, sectioned and highlighted
(right). Generation 1/Generation 2,
chained, ICE-MG1-MG2 Po wer Split
Device HSD is sho wn.
mark in March 2013.[4][5]As of September 2014, more than 7 million Lexus and
Toyota hybrids had been sold worldwide.[6]The United States accounted f or
38% of TMC global hybrid sales as of March 2013.[5]
Contents
1 Principle
1.1 Power flows
1.1.1 MG1 and MG21.2 Transmission
1.3 High voltage battery
2 Operation
2.1 Phases of operation
2.2 Performance
3 Subsequent developments
3.1 Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD)
3.2 Third Generation
3.3 Fourth Generation
4 List of vehicles with HSD technology
5 Patent issues
5.1 Antonov
5.2 Ford
5.3 Paice
6 Comparison with other hybrids
7 Aftermarket
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Principle [edit]
Toyota's HSD system replaces a
normal geared transmissionwith an
electromechanicalsystem. An internal
combustion engine(ICE) delivers power
most efficiently over a small speed
range, but the wheels need to be driven
over t he vehicle's f ull speed range. In a
conventional automobile the geared
transmissiondelivers diff erent discrete
engine speed-torque power
requirements to the wheels. Geared
transmissions may be manual, with a
clutch, or automatic, with a torque
converter, but both allow the engine and the wheels to rotate at dif f erent
speeds. The driver can adjust the speed and to rque delivered by the engine
with the acceleratorand the t ransmiss ion mechanically transmits nearly all of
the available power to the wheels which rotate at a dif f erent rate than the
engine, by a factor equal to the gear ratio for the currently selected gear.
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However, there are a limited number of "gears" or gear ratiosthat the driver
can chose f rom, typically four to six. This limited gear-ratio set f orces the
engine crankshaftto rotate at speeds where the ICE is less ef f icient, i.e.,
where a liter of fuel produces fewer joules. Optimal engine speed-torque
requirements f or dif f erent vehicle driving and acceleration conditions can be
gauged by limiting either tachometerRPM rate or engine noise in comparison
with actual speed. When an engine is required to o perate ef f iciently across a
broad RPM range, due to its coupling to a geared t ransmiss ion,
manuf acturers are limited in their options f or improving engine efficiency,
reliability, or lifespan, as well as reducing the size or weight o f the engine.
This is why the engine for an engine-generatoris o f ten much smaller, more
efficient, more reliable, and longer life than one designed for an automobile or
ot her variable speed application.
However, a cont inuously variable transmiss ion allows the driver (or t he
automobile computer) to ef f ectively select the optimal gear ratio required f or
any desired speed or power. The t ransmission is not limited to a f ixed set ofgears. This lack of constraint f rees the engine to operate at its opt imal (mos t
ef f icient) speed (RPM). The most ef f icient speed (RPM) f or an ICE is o f ten
around 15002000 RPM f or t he typical power required to propel an
auto mobile. An HSD vehicle will typically run the engine at its optimal ef f iciency
speed whenever power is needed to charge batteries or accelerate the car,
shut ting down the engine entirely when less power is required.
Like a CVT, an HSD transmission continuously adjusts the effective gear ratio
between the engine and the wheels to maintain the engine speed while the
wheels increase their rotational speed during acceleration. This is why Toyota
describes HSD-equipped vehicles as having an e-CVT(electronic
continuously variable transmission) when required to classify the
transmission type f or s tandards specification lists or regulato ry purposes.
Power flows [edit]
In a conventional car design the separately-excited alternator with integral
rectifier(DC generato r) and starter(DC moto r) are considered accessories
that are attached to the internal combust ion engine (ICE) which normallydrives a t ransmiss ion to power the wheels pro pelling the vehicle. A battery is
used only to start the car's internal combustion engine and run accessories
when the engine is not running. The alternator is used to recharge the batt ery
and run the accesso ries when the engine is running.
The HSD system replaces the geared transmission, alternator, and starter
mot or with:
MG1, an AC motor-generatorhaving a permanent magnetrotor,[7]used as
a mot or when starting the ICE and as a generator (alternator) when
charging the high voltage battery
MG2, an AC mot or-generator, also having a permanent magnet roto r, used
as the primary drive mot or and as a generator (alternato r), which
regeneration power is directed to the high voltage battery
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Power electronics, including three DC-AC invertersand two DC-DC
converters
Computerized control systemand sensors
HVBa high voltage batterysources electrical energy during acceleration
and sinks electrical energy during regeneration braking
Through the power splitter, a series-parallel full hybrid's HSD syst em thus
allows f or the following intelligent power f lows:[8]
Auxiliary power
HVB -> DC-DC converter - > 12VDC battery
12VDC battery - > Various standard and automatic energy saving
auxiliary f unctions
Engine charge(Recharging and/or heating catalytic converter and/or
interior comfort HVAC)
ICE -> MG1 -> HVB
Battery or EV driveHVB -> MG2 -> wheels
Engine & motor drive(Moderate acceleration)
ICE -> wheels
ICE -> MG1 -> MG2 -> wheels
Engine drive with charge (Highway driving)
ICE -> wheels
ICE -> MG1 -> HVB
Engine and motor drive with charge (Heavy power situat ion such as insteep hills)
ICE -> wheels
ICE -> MG1 -> HVB
ICE -> MG1 -> MG2 -> wheels
Full power or gradual slowing(Maximum power s ituations)
ICE -> wheels
ICE -> MG1 -> MG2 -> wheels
HVB -> MG2 -> wheels
B-mode braking
Wheels -> MG2 ->HVB
Wheels -> MG1 -> ICE (ECU - Electronic Cont rol Unit - uses MG1 to
spin ICE which drains battery allowing more charge from MG2, and
also links ICE to wheels causing "engine braking" ICE RPM increases
when charge level of HVB is too much to accept regen electricity f rom
MG2, or increasing ef f ort f rom driver pushing the brake pedal)
Regenerat ive braking
wheels -> MG2 -> HVB
Hard braking
Front disk/rear drum (rear disk in UK) -> wheels
All disk -> wheels (2010 and newer, except 2012- current Prius c, which
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Regenerative_brakinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Battery_packhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Sensorhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Control_systemhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Buck-boost_converterhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Inverter_(electrical)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Power_electronics -
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Power electronics from Prius
NHW11 "Class ic"
Late Toyota HSD, sectioned and
highlighted. Generation 3, chainless,
ICE-MG1 Power Split Device/MG2
Motor Speed Reduction Device HSD issho wn. This is a P510 transaxle, from
a 2012 Prius c; a P410 transaxle,
from a 20 10 Prius, is s imilar, but is
physically larger.
uses f ront disk, rear drum).
MG1 and MG2 [edit]
MG1(Secondary motor-generator):
A motor to st art the ICE and a
generator to generate electrical
power f or MG2 and to recharge the
high voltage traction battery, and,through a DC-t o- DC converter, to
recharge the 12 volt auxiliary
battery. By regulating the amount o f
electrical power generated (by
varying MG1's mechanical torque
and speed), MG1 effectively controls the transaxle's cont inuously variable
transmission.
MG2(Primary mot or-generator): Drives the wheels and regenerates power
f or the HV battery energy sto rage while braking the vehicle. MG2 drives the
wheels with electrical power generated by the engine-driven MG1 and/or
the HVB. During regenerative braking, MG2 acts as a generator, converting
kinetic energy into electrical energy, sto ring this electrical energy in the
battery.
Transmission [edit]
The mechanical gearing design of the
system allows the mechanical power
from the ICE to be split three ways:
extra torque at the wheels (under
constant rotation speed), extra rotation
speed at the wheels (under constant
torque), and power for an electric
generator. A computer running
appropriate programs controls the
systems and directs the power flow
from the different engine + motor
sources. This power split achieves the
benefits of a cont inuously variable
transmission(CVT), except that the
torque/speed conversion uses an
electric mot or rat her than a direct
mechanical gear train connection. An HSD car cannot operate without the
computer, power electronics, battery pack, and motor-generators, though in
principle it could operate while miss ing the internal combustion engine. (See:
Plug-in hybrid) In practice, HSD equipped cars can be driven a mile or twowithout gasoline, as an emergency measure to reach a gas station.
An HSD transaxlecontains a planetary gearset that adjusts and blends the
amount o f to rque f rom the engine and motor(s) as its needed by the f ront
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Planetary_gearhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Transaxlehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Filling_stationhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Plug-in_hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmissionhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Toyota_electronic_continuously_variable_transmission_(2010-10-16)_03.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Toyota_electronic_continuously_variable_transmission_(2010-10-16)_03.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmissionhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Transaxlehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/DC-to-DC_converterhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/EV_batteryhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=3http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:ToyotaOpenHSD.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:ToyotaOpenHSD.jpg -
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High vo ltage nickel-metal hydride
(NiMH) battery of second generationToyota Prius.
wheels. It is a sophisticated and complicated combination o f gearing, electrical
mot or-generators , and computer-controlled electronic contro ls. One of the
mot or-generators , MG2, is connected to the output shaf t, and thus couples
torque into or out o f the drive shaf ts; f eeding electricity into MG2 adds
torque at the wheels. The engine end of the drive shaf t has a second
differential; one leg of this dif f erential is att ached to the internal combust ion
engine and the other leg is attached to a second motor-generator, MG1. The
dif f erential relates the rotation speed of the wheels to the rotation speeds of
the engine and MG1, with MG1 used to absorb the dif f erence between wheel
and engine speed. The dif f erential is an epicyclic gear set(also called a
"power split device"); that and the two motor- generators are all contained in a
single transaxle housing that is bolted to the engine. Special couplings and
sensors monitor rotation speed of each shaft and the total torque on the
drive shaft s, f or f eedback to the contro l computer. [9]
In Generation 1 and Generation 2 HSDs, MG2 is directly connected to the ring
gear, that is, a 1:1 ratio, and which of f ers no to rque multiplication, whereas inGeneration 3 HSDs, MG2 is connected t o the ring gear through a 2.5:1
planetary gear set ,[10]and which, consequently, of f ers a 2.5:1 to rque
multiplication, this being a primary benef it o f the Generation 3 HSD as it
provides f or a smaller, yet more powerf ul MG2. However, a secondary benef it
is the MG1 will not be driven into overspeed as f requently, and which would
ot herwise mandate employing the ICE to mitigate this o verspeed; this st rategy
improves HSD perfo rmance as well as saving fuel and wear-and- tear on the
ICE.
High voltage battery [edit]
The HSD system has two principal
battery packs, the High Voltage (HV)
battery, also known as t he traction
battery, and a 12 volt lead-acid battery
known as the Low Voltage (LV) battery,
which f unctions as an auxiliary battery.
The LV battery supplies power to the
electronics and accessories when the
hybrid system is turned of f and the
high-voltage battery main relay is
o f f .[11][12]
The t raction battery is a sealednickel-metal hydride(NiMH) batterypack. The
battery pack of the f irst generation Toyot a Prius consisted of 228 cells
packaged in 38 modules, while the second generation Prius cons isted o f 28
Panasonic prismatic nickel metal hydride modules, each containing six 1.2 volt
cells, connected in series to produce a nominal voltage of 201.6 volts. Thedischarge power capability of the second gen Prius pack is about 20 kWat
50% state of charge(SoC). The power capability increases with higher
temperatures and decreases at lower temperatures. The Prius has a computer
that s so lely dedicated to keeping the battery at the optimum temperature and
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/State_of_chargehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/KWhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Rechargeable_batteryhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydridehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Seal_(mechanical)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lead-acid_batteryhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_(XW20)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydridehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Ni-MH_Battery_02.JPGhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Ni-MH_Battery_02.JPGhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=5http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Enginehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Epicyclic_gearinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Differential_(mechanics) -
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EV mode button in the 2012 Toyota
Camry hybrid.
optimum charge level.[13]
Like the second generation Prius, the t hird generation Prius bat tery pack is
made up of the same type of 1.2 volt cells. It has 28 modules of 6 cells f or a
to tal nominal voltage of only 201.6 volts. A boo st converter is used to
produce 500 Volt DC supply voltage for t he inverters f or MG1 and MG2.[11]
The car's electronics only allow 40% of to tal rated capacity of the battery
pack (6,5 Ampre hour) to be used in order to prolong the battery life. As aresult, the SoC is allowed to vary only between 40% and 80% of the rated full
charge.[11]The battery used in the Highlander Hybridand the Lexus RX 400h
was packaged in a diff erent metal battery casing with 240 cells that deliver
high voltage of 288 volts .[13]
A button labelled "EV" maintains electric
vehiclemode af ter being powered on
and under mos t low-load conditions at
less than 25 mph (40 km/h) if the
traction battery has enough charge.
This permits all-electric drivingwith no
f uel consumption f or up to 1 mi
(1.6 km). However, the HSD sof tware
switches to EV mode automatically
whenever it can.[14][15]Only the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybridhas a longer
driving all-electric rangein blended operationelectric-gasoline of 11 mi
(18 km) (EPArating) until the battery is depleted.[16]The Prius PHEV is
outfitted with 4.4 kWhlithium-ion batt eriesco-developed with Panasonicthat
weighs 80 kg (180 lb) compared with the nickel-metal hydride batt eryof the
third generation Prius, which has a capacity o f only 1.3kWh, and weighs 4 2 kg
(93 lb). The larger battery pack enables all-electric operat ion at higher speeds
and longer distances than the conventional Prius hybrid.[17][18]
The following table details the HV battery capacity for several 2013-2014
model yearLexus and To yota vehicles.[19]
Vehicle
Model
Year
Battery
capacity(kWh)[19]
Battery Type
Lexus CT 200h 2014 1.3 NiMH
Lexus ES 300h 2014 1.6 NiMH
Lexus GS 450h 2014 1.9 NiMH
Lexus LS 600h L 2014 1.9 NiMH
Lexus RX 450h 2014 1.9 NiMH
Toyota Avalon Hybrid 2014 1.6 NiMH
Toyota Auris Hybrid 2014 1.3[11] NiMH
Toyota Camry Hybrid 2014 1.6 NiMH
Toyota Highlander Hybrid 2014 1.9 NiMH
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Highlander#Third_generation_.28XU50.3B_2013.E2.80.93present.29http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Camry_(XV50)#Camry_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Auris_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Avalon_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_RX_450hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_LS_600h_Lhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_GS_450hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_ES_300hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_CT_200hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/KWhhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Model_yearhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_(XW30)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride_batteryhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Panasonichttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteryhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/KWhhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/EPAhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Blended_modehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/All-electric_rangehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/All-electric_modehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Electric_vehiclehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Camry_hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Camry_Hybrid_2012_07_VA_4177.JPGhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Camry_Hybrid_2012_07_VA_4177.JPGhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_RX_400hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Highlander_Hybrid -
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A typical Hybrid Synergy Drive
configuration
To yota Mirai(FCV) 2015 1.6[20] NiMH
To yota Prius 2014 1.3 NiMH
Toyota Prius c 2014 0.9 NiMH
Toyota Prius v 2014 1.3 / 1.0 NiMH / Li- io n
To yota Prius PHV 2014 4.4 [18] Li-ion
Toyota Yaris Hybrid 2014 0.9[21] NiMH
Operation [edit]
The HSD drive works by shunting electrical power between the two mot or
generators , running of f the battery pack, to even out the load on the internal
combustion engine. Since a power boo st f rom the electrical moto rs is
available f or periods o f rapid acceleration, the ICE can be downsized to match
only the average load on the car, rather t han sized by peak power demands
f or rapid acceleration. The smaller internal combustion engine can be
designed to run more ef f iciently. Furthermore, during normal operation theengine can be operated at or near its ideal speed and torque level for power,
economy, or emiss ions, with the battery pack absorbing or supplying power
as appropriate to balance the demand placed by the driver. During traffic
sto ps the internal combustion engine can even be turned of f f or even more
economy.
The combination of ef f icient car design, regenerative braking, turning the
engine of f f or t raf f ic stops, signif icant electrical energy sto rage and ef f icient
internal combust ion engine design give the HSD powered car signif icant
ef f iciency advantagespart icularly in city driving.
Phases of operation [edit]
The HSD operates in distinct phases
depending on speed and demanded
torque. Here are a f ew of them:
Batt ery charging: The HSD can
charge its battery without moving
the car, by running the engine and
extracting electrical power from
MG1. The power gets shunted into
the battery, and no to rque is
supplied to the wheels. The shifter
must be in the "Park" position.
Engine start : To s tart the engine, power is applied to MG1 to act as a
starter. Because of the size of the mot or generators, starting the engine
requires relatively litt le power f rom MG1 and the conventional starter
motorsound is not heard. Engine start can occur while sto pped or moving.
Reverse gear (equivalent ): There is no reverse gear as in a conventional
gearbox: the computer reverses the phase sequence to AC moto r-
generator MG2, applying negative torque to the wheels. Early models did
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Starter_motorhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Prius2004HSD.JPGhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Prius2004HSD.JPGhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=7http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Drivinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=6http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_PHVhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_vhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_chttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_(XW30)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehiclehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Mirai -
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so the conventional brakeson HSD vehicles are undersized compared to
brakes on a conventional car of similar mass.
Engine braking: The HSD system has a special transmiss ion sett ing
labelled 'B' (for Brake), that takes the place of a conventional automatic
transmission's 'L' set ting, providing engine braking on hills. This can be
manually selected in place of regenerat ive braking. During braking when the
battery is approaching potent ially damaging high charge levels, t he
electronic control system automatically switches to conventional engine
braking, drawing power f rom MG2 and shunting it t o MG1, speeding the
engine with thro tt le closed to absorb energy and decelerate the vehicle.
Electric boost: The battery pack provides a reservoir of energy that
allows the computer to match the demand on the engine to a
predetermined opt imal load curve, rather than operating at the to rque and
speed demanded by the driver and road. The computer manages t he
energy level stored in the battery, so as to have capacity to absorb extra
energy where needed or supply extra energy to boost engine power.
Performance [edit]
The To yota Priushas modest acceleration but has extremely high ef f iciency
for a midsized four-door sedan: usually significantly better than 40 mpg (US)
(5.9 l/100 km) is typical of brief city jaunts ; 55 mpg (4.3 l/100 km) is not
uncommon, especially for extended drives at modes t speeds (a longer drive
allows the engine to warm up f ully). This is approximately twice the f uel
efficiency of a similarly equipped four-door sedan with a conventional power
train. Not all of the extra efficiency of the Prius is due to the HSD system: theAtkinson cycleengine itself was also designed specif ically to minimize engine
drag via an of f set crankshaftto minimize piston drag during the power stroke,
and a unique intake system to prevent drag caused by manifold vacuum
("pumping losses") versus the normal Otto cyclein mos t engines.
Furthermore, the Atkinson cycle recovers more energy per cycle than the Ot to
because of its longer power st roke. The downside of the Atkinson cycle is
much reduced torque, particularly at low speed; but the HSD has eno rmous
low-speed torque available f rom MG2.
The Highlander Hybrid(also so ld as the Kluger in some countries) of f ers
better acceleration performance compared to its non-hybrid version. The
hybrid version goes f rom 060 mph in 7.2 seconds, t rimming almos t a second
of f the conventional version's t ime. Net hp is 268 hp (200 kW) compared to
the conventional 215 hp (160 kW). Top speed f or all Highlanders is limited to
112 mph (180 km/h). Typical f uel economy f or the Highlander Hybrid rates
between 27 and 31 mpg (8.77.6 l/100 km). A conventional Highlander is rated
by the EPA with 19 city, 25 highway mpg (12.4 and 9.4 l/100 km respect ively).
The HSD mileage boost depends on using the gasoline engine as ef f icientlyas poss ible, which requires:
extended drives, especially in winter: Heating the internal cabin for the
passengers runs counter to the design of the HSD. The HSD is designed
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Highlander_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Otto_cyclehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Manifold_vacuumhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Power_stroke_(engine)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Crankshafthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Atkinson_cyclehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=8http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Engine_brakinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Automatic_transmissionhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Engine_brakinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Brakes -
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Cutaway display o f the HSD Note:
Generation 1/Generation 2, chained,
ICE-MG1-MG2 Power Split Device
HSD is sho wn
to generate as little waste heat as
possible. In a conventional car, this
waste heat in winter is usually used
to heat the internal cabin. In the
Prius, running the heater requires
the engine to continue running to
generate cabin-usable heat. This
ef f ect is most no ticeable when
turning the climate contro l (heater)
of f when the car is stopped with the
engine running. Normally the HSD
cont rol system will shut the engine
of f as it is not needed, and will not
start it again until the generator reaches a maximum speed.
moderate acceleration: Because hybrid cars can thrott le back or
completely shut off the engine during moderate, but not rapid,
acceleration, they are more sensitive than conventional cars to driving
style. Hard acceleration f orces t he engine into a high-power state while
moderate acceleration keeps the engine in a lower power, high ef f iciency
state (augmented by battery boost).
gradual braking: Regenerative brakes re-use the energy of braking, but
cannot absorb energy as f ast as conventional brakes. Gradual braking
recovers energy for re-use, boosting mileage; hard braking wastes the
energy as heat, just as f or a conventional car. Use of the "B" (braking)
selector on the transmission contro l is usef ul on long downhill runs toreduce heat and wear on the conventional brakes, but it does not recover
additional energy.[23]Use of "B" constantly is discouraged by Toyota as it
may promote excessive wear on certain gears.[24]
Most HSD systems have batteries that are sized f or maximal boost during a
single acceleration f rom zero t o the to p speed of the vehicle; if there is more
demand, the battery can be completely exhausted, so that this extra torque
boost is not available. Then the system reverts to just the power available
f rom the engine. This results in a large decline in perf ormance under certain
conditions : an early-model Prius can achieve over 90 mph (140 km/h) on a 6
degree upward slope, but after about 2,000 feet (610 m) of altitude climb the
battery is exhausted and the car can only achieve 5560 mph on t he same
slope[citation needed](until the battery is recharged by driving under less
demanding circumstances).
Subsequent developments [edit]
The basic design of the T oyota Hybrid System / Hybrid Synergy Drive has not
changed since its introduction in the 1997 Japanese-market Toyota Prius, butthere have been a number of significant refinements.
The schematic diagrams illustrate the paths of power flow between the two
electric moto r-generators MG1& MG2, the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE),
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=9http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Toyota_Paris_9.JPGhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Toyota_Paris_9.JPG -
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Schematic view o f the First-
Generation Toyota Hybrid
transmission system (S : central Sun"
gear, C: planetary Carrier, R: outer
Ring gear, Motor-Generators MG1&
MG2, Internal Com bustion Engine
ICE)
Second-Generation (G2) Toyota
hybrid: Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD)
four-wheel drive system
and the f ront wheels via the planetary
"Power Split Device" elements. The
Internal Combustion Engine is
connected to t he planetary gear carrier
and not to any individual gear. The
wheels are connected to the ring gear.
There has been a continuous, gradual
improvement in the specif ic capacity o f
the t raction bat tery. The original Prius
used shrink-wrapped 1.2 volt D cells,
and all subsequent THS/HSD vehicles
have used custom 7.2 V battery
modules mounted in a carrier.
Called Toyota Hybrid System f or initial
Prius generations, THS was followed
by THS II in the 2004 Prius, with subsequent versions termed Hybrid SynergyDrive. The THS relied on the voltage of the bat tery pack: between 276 and
288 V. The Hybrid Synergy Drive adds a DC to DC converterboosting the
potential of the battery to 500 V or more. This allows smaller battery packs to
be used, and more powerf ul motors .
Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) [edit]
Altho ugh not part of the HSD as such, all HSD vehicles f rom the 2004 Prius
onwards have been fit ted with an electric air-conditioning compressor, instead
of the conventional engine-driven type. This removes the need to
cont inuously run the engine when cabin cooling is required. Two positive
temperature coef f icientheaters are f itted in the heater core to supplement
the heat provided by the engine.[25]
In 2005, vehicles such as the Lexus RX
400h and Toyota Highlander Hybrid
added four-wheel drive operation by
the addition o f a third electric mot or
("MGR") on the rear axle. In this system,the rear axle is purely electrically
powered, and there is no mechanical
link between the engine and the rear
wheels. This also permits regenerative
braking on the rear wheels. In addition,
the motor (MG2) is linked to the f ront
wheel transaxle by means of a second planetary gearset, thereby making it
poss ible to increase the power density of the motor.[1]Fordhas also
developed a s imilar hybrid syst em, introduced in the Ford Escape Hybrid.
In 2006 and 2007, a further development o f the HSD drivetrain, under the
Lexus Hybrid Drive name, was applied on the Lexus GS 450h / LS 600h
sedans. This system uses t wo clutches (or brakes) to switch the second
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Ford_Motor_Companyhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Planetary_gearsethttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:THS_evol_2.pnghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:THS_evol_2.pnghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Positive_temperature_coefficienthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=10http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/DC_to_DC_converterhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Planetary_gearsethttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:THS_evol_1.pnghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:THS_evol_1.png -
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Third-Generation (G3) Hybrid
Synergy Drive (HSD) / Lexus Hybrid
Drive system
mot or's gear ratio to the wheels between a ratio o f 3.9 and 1.9, for low and
high speed driving regimes respectively. This decreases the po wer f lowing
f rom MG1 to MG2 (or vice versa) during higher speeds. The electrical path is
only about 70% efficient, thus decreasing its power flow while increasing the
overall performance of the transmission. The second planetary gearset is
extended with a second carrier and sun gear to a ravigneaux-type gearwith
four shafts, two of which can be held still alternatively by a brake/clutch. The
GS 450h and LS 600h systems ut ilized rear-wheel driveand all-wheel drive
drivetrains, respectively, and were designed to be more po werful than non-
hybrid versions of the same model lines,[2][3]while providing comparable
engine class ef f iciency.[26]
Third Generation [edit]
To yota CEO Katsuaki Watanabesaid in
a February 16, 2007 interview that
Toyota was "aiming at reducing, by half ,
both the size and cost o f the third-
generation HSD syst em".[27]The new
system will f eature lithium-ionbatteries
in later years. Lithium-ion bat teries have
a higher energy capacity- to -weight rat io
compared to NiMH, but operate at
higher temperatures, and are subject t o
thermal instability if not properly
manufactured and controlled, raising safety concerns.[28][29]
Fourth Generation [edit]
On October 13, 2015 Toyota made public details of the Fourth Generation
Hybrid Synergy Drive to be introduced in the 2016 model year. "The t ransaxle
and moto r have been redesigned, delivering a reduction in their combined
weight. The mot or itself is considerably more compact and gains a better
power- to -weight rat io. Not ably there is a 20 percent reduction in mechanical
losses through friction compared to the previous model. The planetary gear
arrangement in the reduction gear has been replaced with parallel gears, which
f urther helps loss reduction." [30]
List of vehicles with HSD technology [edit]
This section does not citeany sources.
Please help improve this section by adding
citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material
may be challenged and removed. (June 2014)
The f ollowing is a list of vehicles with Hybrid Synergy Drive and related
technologies (Toyota Hybrid System I/II/III;[31]Lexus Hybrid Drive)
To yota Prius
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=13http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=12http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/NiMHhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lithium-ionhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Katsuaki_Watanabehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:THS_evol_3.pnghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:THS_evol_3.pnghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=11http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/All-wheel_drivehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Rear-wheel_drivehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Ravigneaux_planetary_gearset -
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with THS: December 1997 October 2003
with THSII: October 2003late 2010
with THSIII: late 2010present
Toyota Estima Hybrid
with THSI: June 2001- December 2005
with THSII: June 2006present
Toyota Alphard Hybridwith T HSI: July 2003 March 2008
with THSII: September 2011present
Lexus RX 400h / T oyota Harrier Hybrid(March 2005present)
Toyota Highlander/Kluger Hybrid
with THSI: July 2005September 2008
with THSII: October 2008present
Lexus GS 450h(March 2006present)
Toyota Camry Hybrid(May 2006present)
Lexus LS 600h/LS 600hL(April 2007present)
To yota Crown Majesta(April 2012present)
To yota Crown(April 2008present )
Toyota A-BAT(concept truck)
Nissan Altima Hybrid(2007present)
Lexus RX 450h(2009present)
To yota Sai(2009present)
Lexus HS 250h(2009present)
Lexus CT 200h(late 2010present)
To yota Auris(July 2010present )
Toyota Prius c(March 2012present) THSIII
To yota Yaris(March 2012present) THSIII
Lexus ES 300h(2012present)
Toyota Avalon Hybrid(late 2012present)
Lexus IS 300h(2013present)
Lexus GS 300h(2013present)
Patent issues [edit]
Antonov [edit]
As o f autumn 2005, t he Antonov Auto mot ive Techno logy BV Plc company has
sued Toyota, the Lexus brand mother company, over alleged patent
infringement relating to key components in the RX 400h's drivetrain and the
Toyota Prius hybrid compact car. The case has been pending in secret s ince
April 2005, but settlement negotiat ions did no t bring a mutually acceptable
result. Antonov eventually took legal recourse in the German court system,
where decisions are usually made relatively swif tly. The patent holder seeks
to impose a levy on each vehicle sold, which could make the hybrid SUV less
competitive. Toyota fought back by seeking to officially invalidate Antonov's
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyotahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=15http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=14http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_GS_300hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_IS_300hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Avalon#Hybrid_versionhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_ES_300hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Yarishttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_chttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Auris#Auris_HSD_Full_Hybrid_.282010.E2.80.93.29http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_CThttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_HShttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Saihttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_RX#AL10http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Nissan_Altima_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_A-BAThttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Crown#S200http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Crown_Majesta#S210http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_LS_(XF40)#LS_600hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Camry_(XV40)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_GS#GS_450hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Highlander_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_RX#XU30http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Alphardhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Estima -
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relevant patents . The court motion in Microso f t Word document f ormat can
be read here.[32]
On 1 September 2006 Antonov announced that the Federal Patent Court in
Munich has not upheld the validity of the German part of Antonov's patent
(EP0414782) against To yota. A f ew days later, a court in Dsseldorf had
ruled that t he Toyota Prius driveline and the Lexus RX 400h driveline do not
breach the Antonov hybrid CVT patent.[33]
Ford [edit]
Ford Motor Companyindependently developed a syst em with key
technologies similar to Toyota's HSD technology in 2004. As a result, Ford
licensed 21 patents f rom Toyota in exchange f or patents relating to
emissions technology.[34]
Paice [edit]
Paice LLC received a patent f or an improved hybrid vehicle with a
controllable to rque transfer unit (US patent 5343970 , Severinsky; Alex J.,
"Hybrid electric vehicle", issued 1994- 09-06) and has additional patents
related to hybrid vehicles. In 2010 Toyota agreed to license Paice's patents;
terms o f the sett lement were not disclosed.[35]In the sett lement "The parties
agree that, although certain Toyota vehicles have been found to be
equivalent to a Paice patent, Toyota invented, designed and developed the
Prius and Toyotas hybrid technology independent of any inventions of Dr.
Severinsky and Paice as part o f To yotas long histo ry of innovation".[36]Paice
earlier entered into an agreement with Ford f or t he license of Paice's
patent.[37]
Comparison with other hybrids [edit]
Aisin Seiki Co., minority-o wned by Toyota, supplies its versions of the HSD
transmission system to Ford f or use as the "Powersplit" e-CVT in the Ford
Escapehybrid[38]and Ford Fusion Hybrid.[39]
Nissanlicensed Toyot a's HSD for use in the Nissan Altimahybrid, using the
same Aisin Seiki T110 t ransaxle as in the To yota CamryHybrid.[citation needed]
The 2011 Inf initi M35huses a diff erent system of one electric motor and two
clutches.
In 2010 Toyotaand Mazda announced a supply agreement f or the hybrid
technology used in Toyot a's Priusmodel.[40]
General Motors, DaimlerChrysler's and BMW's Global Hybrid Cooperationis
similar in that it combines the po wer f rom a single engine and two mot ors . In
2009, the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industrysaid that "GM is at
least one generation behind Toyota on advanced, 'green' powertrain
development".[41]
In contrast, Honda's Integrated Motor Assistuses a more traditional ICEand
transmission where the f lywheel is replaced with an electric mot or, t hereby
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Integrated_Motor_Assisthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Hondahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Presidential_Task_Force_on_the_Auto_Industryhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Global_Hybrid_Cooperationhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/BMWhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/DaimlerChryslerhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/General_Motors_Corporationhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyotahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Infiniti_M35hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Camryhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Nissan_Altimahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Nissanhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Ford_Fusion_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Ford_Escapehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Aisin_Seiki_Co.http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=18http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5343970http://www.paice.net/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=17http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Ford_Motor_Companyhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=16 -
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reducing complexity and increasing serviceability due t o the f amiliar layout .
Aftermarket [edit]
Some early non-production plug-in hybrid electric vehicleconversionshave
been based on the version of HSD found in the 2004 and 2005 model year
Prius. Early lead-acid batteryconversions by CalCars have demons trated 10
miles (16 km) of ev-only and 20 miles (32 km) o f double mileage mixed-moderange. A company planning to of f er conversions to consumers named EDrive
systems will be using Valence Li-ionbatteries and have 35 miles (56 km)
of electric range. Both of these systems leave the existing HSD system
most ly unchanged and could be similarly applied to ot her hybrid powertrain
f lavors by simply replacing the stock NiMHbatteries with a higher capacity
battery packand a charger to ref ill them for about $0.03 per mile f rom
standard household out lets.
See also [edit]
Comparison of To yota hybrids
Mild hybrid
Hybrid car
Inverter (electrical)
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
Variable-f requency drive
Global Hybrid Cooperation
Integrated Motor AssistList of hybrid vehicles
References [edit]
1. ^ abVasilash, Gary (February 2005). "A Lexus Like No Other But Like The
Rest:Introducing The RX 400h" .Automotive Design and Production.
Retrieved 2010-07-12.
2. ^ ab"Lexus GS450h Road Tests" . CAR Magazine. Retrieved
2010-07-13.
3. ^ abVasilash, Gary (July 2006). "The Lexus LS 600H L: Not Just Another
Production Car" .Automotive Design and Production. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
4. ^"News Releases > Worldwide Sales of TMC Hybrids Top 2 Million Units" .
TOYOTA. 2009-09-04. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
5. ^ abToyota Press Room (2013- 04- 17). "Toyota cumulative g lobal hybrid
sales pass 5M, nearly 2M in US" . Green Car Congress. Retrieved
2013-04-17.
6. ^John Voelcker (2014-10-03). "Toyota Racks Up 7 Million Hybrids Sold
Since 1997" . Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2014-10-03.
7. ^All e lectric motors with excited fields, e ither by a (separately-excited)electromagnet rotor or a permanent magnet rotor, can be used as generators
(and vice versa), so the term motor-generator is normally used only when the
same device is being used for both purposes.
8. ^Burress, Timothy Adam (2006). "Vector Control and Experimental
http://power.eecs.utk.edu/pubs/tim_burress_thesis.pdfhttp://www.greencarreports.com/news/1094753_toyota-racks-up-7-million-hybrids-sold-since-1997http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Green_Car_Congresshttp://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/04/tmc-20130417.htmlhttp://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/09/09/0904.htmlhttp://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/060705.htmlhttp://www.carmag.co.za/article/lexus-gs450h-2010-03-10http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/020506.htmlhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=21http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/List_of_hybrid_vehicleshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Integrated_Motor_Assisthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Global_Hybrid_Cooperationhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Variable-frequency_drivehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/IGBT_transistorhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Inverter_(electrical)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Hybrid_carhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Mild_hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Comparison_of_Toyota_hybridshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=20http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Battery_packhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Nickel_metal_hydridehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Li-ionhttp://www.valence.com/http://www.edrivesystems.com/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Blended_modehttp://www.calcars.org/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lead-acid_batteryhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Electric_vehicle_conversionhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit§ion=19 -
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Evaluation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for HEVs" (PDF).
University of Tennessee. p. 16. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
9. ^Bill Siuru. "Synergy Drive: Why Toyotas Hybrids Rock" . Green Car
Journal. Yahoo. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
10. ^In 2007 and later Camrys, this ratio is 2.636, and in 2010 and later Priuses,
this ratio is 2.478, for an average ratio of roughly 2.5
11. ^ abcdPolitechnika Wrocawska - Inynieria Pojaz dw. "Case study: Toyota
Hybrid Synergy Drive" (PDF). Wrocaw University of Technology. Retrieved2014-11-22. See Auris HSD specs in pp.17: 201.6V x 6.5Amp/hr = 1.310kWh
12. ^The Advanced Lead- Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC). "Do Hybrid Electric
Vehicles Use Lead-Acid Batteries? Yes! Heres why." . ALABC. Retrieved
2014-11-23.
13. ^ abBrad Berman (2008-11-06). "The Hybrid Car Battery: A Definitive Guide
- Todays Hybrid Car Battery: Nickel Metal Hydride - Toyota Prius Hybrid
Battery" . HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2014-11-22.
14. ^Toyota. "Toyota Prius - Three drive modes" . Toyota01. Retrieved
2014-11-23. EV Mode works under certain conditions at low speeds for up to a
mile.
15. ^Anh T. Huynh (2012-10-15). "2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid XLE: Technology
In A Mid-Size Sedan" . Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
16. ^U. S. Environmental Protection Agencyand U.S. Department of Energy
(2014-11-21). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2012/2013/2014 Toyota Prius Plug-
in Hybrid" . Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
17. ^"2010 Prius Plug- in Hybrid Makes North American Debut at Los Angeles
Auto Show; First Li- ion Battery Traction Battery Developed by Toyota and
PEVE" . Green Car Congress. 2009-12-02. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
18. ^ ab"Toyota Introduces 2012 Prius Plug-in Hybrid" (Press release).
Toyota. 2011-09- 16. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
19. ^ abJosh Pihl (January 2014). "Table 33. Batteries for Selected Hybrid-
Electric Vehicles, Model Years 2013- 2014" . Oak Ridge National
Laboratory. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
20. ^Wayne Cunningham (2014-11-19). "Toyota Mirai: The 300 -mile z ero-
emission vehicle" . CNET. Retrieved 2014-11-21. The Mirai has a 245-volt
nickel-metal hydride battery pack, similar to that in the Camry Hybrid. 245V x
6.5Amp/hr = 1.59kWh
21. ^Toyota. "Yaris & Yaris HSD brochure" (PDF). Toyota South Africa.
Retrieved 2014-11-22. See specs table: 144V x 6.5Amp/hr = 0.936kWh
22. ^Camry Hybrid 2012 owner's manual
23. ^http://www.techno-fandom.org/~hobbit/cars/b-mode.html
24. ^2007 Prius Owners Manual
25. ^"6 Body Electrical". Toyota Hybrid System Course 071 (PDF). Toyota
Technical T raining. p. 1. Retrieved 2008- 10-15.
26. ^"2008 Lexus LS 600h L Overview" . Vehix.com. Retrieved 2010- 07- 13.
27. ^"Toyota's Bid for a Better Battery" .
28. ^Halvorson, Bengt. Li-ion Not Ready for Prius . BusinessWeek, June 18,
2007. Retrieved on 2007- 08- 07.29. ^DailyTech Toyota Shuns Lithium-ion Batteries for Next Gen Prius
30. ^"Toyota Unveils Advanced Technologies in All-New Prius" .
31. ^THSIII incorporates separate ICE-MG1 and MG2 gear reduction ratios, for
higher electric-only vehicle speed and increased hybrid performance; and
http://www.toyotanewsroom.com/releases/2016+toyota+prius+technology.htmhttp://www.dailytech.com/Toyota+Shuns+Lithiumion+Batteries+for+Next+Gen+Prius/article7678.htmhttp://www.businessweek.com/autos/content/jun2007/bw20070615_082926.htmhttp://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_10/b4024075.htmhttp://www.vehix.com/car-reviews/2008/lexus/ls-600h-lhttp://www.autoshop101.com/forms/Hybrid06.pdfhttp://www.techno-fandom.org/~hobbit/cars/b-mode.htmlhttp://www.toyota.com/t3Portal/document/om/OM33857U/pdf/sec_02-01.pdfhttp://toyota.co.za/Media/Default/brochures/Yaris.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/CNEThttp://www.cnet.com/products/2016-toyota-mirai/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratoryhttp://cta.ornl.gov/vtmarketreport/spreadsheets/T33_Batteries_for_Selected_HEV_Vehicles_2013_2014.xlshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyotahttp://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/toyota+introduces+2012+prius+plug-in+hybrid.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Green_Car_Congresshttp://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/prius-phv-20091202.htmlhttp://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=34516&id=33335&id=32484http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energyhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/U._S._Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/camry-hybrid-xle-technology-review,3290-8.htmlhttp://www.toyota.com/prius/#!/features/efficiency/three-drive-modeshttp://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-car-battery/http://www.alabc.org/publications/lead-acid-batteries-in-hevshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.ae.pwr.wroc.pl/filez/20110606092430_HEV_Toyota.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Yahoohttp://autos.yahoo.com/green_center-article_24/ -
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v t e
Wikimedia Comm ons hasmedia related to HybridSynergy Drive.
elimination of the internal chain drive, replacing this with helical gears; the
lubricant is also changed to WS- type ATF in some mode ls; transaxles P4xx
and P5xx, for Toyota Priuses
32. ^http://hugin.info/132838/R/1012362/157707.doc
33. ^Court Decision of District Court of Duesseldorf
34. ^Bruce Nussbaum (2005-11-01). "Is Ford Innovative? Part Two." .
Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2011-03-09.
35. ^Joann Muller (2010-07-19). "Toyota Settles Hybrid Patent Case" .Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-23. Retrieved
2011-03-09.
36. ^"Toyota and Paice reach settlement of patent disputes" (Press release).
Paice LLC. 2010-07- 09. Retrieved 2011-03- 09.
37. ^"Paice and Ford Reach Settlement in Hybrid Vehicle Patent Infringement
Disputes" (Press release). Paice LLC via PR Newswire. 2010-07-16.
Retrieved 2011-03-09.
38. ^"AISIN at a Glance" (PDF).Aisin Seiki Co.2005-09-21. Retrieved
2011-03-09. "Developed the HD-10 proprietary hybrid drive dual system for
use in the Ford Escape Hybrid"
39. ^"Ford Fleet Showroom Cars 2010 Fusion Hybrid" . Ford Motor
Company. Retrieved 2011-03-09.
40. ^"TMC and Mazda Agree to Hybrid System Technology License" (PDF)
(Press release) . Toyota& Mazda. 2010-03- 29. Retrieved 2010-03- 29.
41. ^"Determination of Viability Summary: General Motors Corporation" (PDF).
2009-03-30. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
External links [edit]
HSD explanation at
HowStuffWorks
Planetary Gear explanation at
HowStuffWorks
Hybrid Synergy Drive movie f rom Toyota
Animation showing how HSD works
Power Split Device Animation showing
MG1 and the MG2
Toyota Motor Corporation
MarquesToyota Lexus Scion Daihatsu Hino Ranz1
Subaru2
Subsidiaries
Calty Design Research Central Motors Hino Motors
Kanto Auto Works Toyota Australia
Toyo ta Central R&D Labs Toyo ta Financial Services
Toyo ta Manufacturing UK Toyo ta (GB) PLC
Toyota Motor Europe
Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada
Toyo ta Motor Manufacturing France
Toyo ta Motor Manufacturing Turkey
Toyota Motor North America
Toyo ta Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America
Toyota Motorspo rt GmbH
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7/24/2019 37 Https en Wikipedia Org Wiki Hybrid Synergy Drive
19/21
Joint ventures
WiLL GAC Toyota(50%) Indus Motors Company
Sichuan FAW Toyo ta Motor(50%)
Toyota Kirlos kar Motor
Toyota Peugeot Citron Automo bile Czech
UMW Toyota Motor(49%)
Current mo dels
Cars
86 AgyaAllio nAuris
Aurio nAvalo nAvanza
Avensis Aygo bB Belta
Blade Camry
Camry Hybrid Comfort
Corolla(Coro lla Altis
Coro lla Axio)
Coro lla Fielder Crown
(Crown Athlete
Crown Comfort
Crown Hybrid
Crown Majesta
Crown Royal) Century
Etios iQ is t Mark X
Mirai Passo Premio
Porte Prius
(Prius Plug-in Hybrid)
Prius c Ractis Sai
Verso Vios Verso-S
Vitz Yaris Zelas
Pickup trucks/Utilit ies
Hilux(Hilux Vigo)
Land Cruiser 79 Series
Modellista Pixis Truck
Tacoma Tundra
SUVs/Crossovers
4Runner FJ Cruiser
Fortuner Harrier(Harrier Hybrid)
Highlander Kluger
(Highlander Hybrid
Kluger Hybrid)
Land Cruiser 200
Land Cruiser Prado
Land Cruiser 74 Series
Land Cruiser 76 Series
Land Cruiser 78 Series
Probox Succeed RAV4
Rush Sequoia
Urban Cruiser Venza
Vans
Alphard Estima
Estima Hybrid Granvia
HiAce Solmeio HiAce
Innova Isis Kijang
LiteAce Noah Pixis Van
Previa
Prius v/Prius +/Prius
ProAce Sienna Sienta
TownAce Voxy WISH
Comm ercial t rucksDyna ToyoAce
Type 73 Medium Truck
Buses Coaster
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