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-by-
Jovana Kovačević
Food Spoilage:“Stinkies”, “Slimies”
and Bioflms
October 22, 2009
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OutlineOutline
Spoilage of FoodoSpoilage Signs
oeat, Fis!, "airy
o#!at do laboratory tests tell you aboutspoilage$
%io&l's
o(roperties and for'ationo#!y are t!ey a proble'$
)o* do *e deal *it! spoilage andbio&l's$
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Food SpoilageFood Spoilage
Undesirable
deterioration offood quality thatmay result in
changes in odor,taste andappearance of food.
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Food SpoilageFood Spoilage +ypes of spoilage
icrobial
%acteria, yeasts, 'olds
on-'icrobial
Foreign 'aterials, en.y'es
/!anges not necessarily !ar'ful
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icrobial Food Spoilageicrobial Food Spoilage
ac! food uni1ue 'icrobial environ'entuni1ue spoilage agents for eac!
#!y do 'icroorganis's spoil our food$
food co'position ideal source of nutrients for'icrobes
availability of *ater and oygen suitable p)
Factors t!at a3ect spoilage Oygen, te'perature, p), a
*, !u'idity
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Spoilage organis'sSpoilage organis's
Si'ilar 'icro4ora e'erge in di3erentfoods under t!e sa'e conditions
53ected by t!e
o +ype of foodo(rocessingo(reservationoStorage conditions
"o'ination of speci&c spoilage 'icrobes
o 6nitial counts presentoutrient co'position
o/!e'ical and p!ysical para'eters
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Spoilage SignsSpoilage Signs
Odor %rea7do*n of
proteins 8 putrefaction
eg :rotten egg;s'ell
Sli'iness
"iscoloration old on bread, blue
and green 'old on
citrus fruit and c!eese
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Spoilage Signs<Spoilage Signs<
Souring (roduction of acid
eg sour 'il7 fro'production of lactic acid
=as for'ation eat beco'es spongy S*ollen or bubbling
pac7ages and cans
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Food +ypesFood +ypes %ased on rate of%ased on rate of
spoilagespoilage>? )ig!ly peris!able 'eat
fruit
'il7
vegetables
eggs
2? Se'i peris!able potatoes
nuts
@? Stable rice
4our
dry beans
#+
"AB
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6nade1uate storage te'peratures
(rolonged storage ti'es
6'proper ventilation
/ross conta'ination
cessive delays bet*een receivingand storing
6nade1uate food safety standards
/o''on /auses of Food/o''on /auses of Food
SpoilageSpoilage
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eat Spoilageeat Spoilage
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eat spoilage</utting board conta'ination
/onveyor belts +e'perature
"elay bet*een storage and
distributionFecal conta'ination fro' intestines
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eat Spoilage /ontinuedeat Spoilage /ontinued
FoodTypes oSpoilage
SpoilageMicroorganisms
MEAT
Fresh
(utrefactionClostridium, Pseudomonas,Proteus, Alcaligenes,Chromobacterium
Souring Chromobacterium,Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas
!red
ouldyPenicillium, Aspergillus,Rhizopus
SouringPseudomonas, Micrococcus,
acillus
=reeningLactobacillus spp,!treptococcus, Pediococcus
Sli'y Leuconostoc
"ac!!m#acked Souring=reening Lactobacillus, Carnobacterium,Leuconostoc
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Fis! and ggs SpoilageFis! and ggs Spoilage
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Fis! and ggs SpoilageFis! and ggs Spoilage
/ontinued/ontinuedFis!(olluted *aters
+ransportation
ve!icles, boes
(oultry and ggs)u'an contact
(enetration bybacteria
/rac7s
+(A5+CA
()BS6/5D"55=
6+A6S6/F5/+OAS
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Fis! E ggs Spoilage /ontinuedFis! E ggs Spoilage /ontinued
FoodTypes o
Spoilage
SpoilageMicroorganisms
F$S%
"iscoloratio
n
Pseudomonas
(utrefaction
Chromobacterium,#alobacterium,
Micrococcus
E&&S
=reen rot Pseudomonas
/olorlessrot
Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes,
Chromobacterium
%lac7 rot /olifor's
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Spoilage of il7 and "airySpoilage of il7 and "airy
(roducts(roducts
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2313/2181694147_12ce5cd763.jp
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Spoilage of il7 and "airy (roducts /ontinuedSpoilage of il7 and "airy (roducts /ontinued
Food Types of Spoilage Spoilage Microorganisms
DAIRY
MILK(pasteurized
!itter"ess Pseudomonas spp.
#o$ri" Lactobacillus thermophilus
#%eet c$rdli" Bacillus cereus
!"##S#
&ree" discoloratio" Penicillium
&ree" to 'lackdiscoloratio"
Cladosporium
!lack discoloratio" Candida
#limi"ess (hih p)* Pseudomonas spp.
+&ass,- cheese oliforms ! lostridia
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Spoilage of Fruits andSpoilage of Fruits and
egetablesegetables
http://timel,tid'its.%ordpress.com/2008/07/28/the%ordofodasrotti"fr$it/
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Spoilage of Fruits and egetablesSpoilage of Fruits and egetables
FoodTypes o
Spoilage
SpoilageMicroorganisms
F'ES%
F'($TSA)*
"E&ETAB+ES
%acterial softrot $r%inia caroto&era,Pseudomonas spp
=ray 'ouldrot
otryitis cinerea
A!i.opus soft
rot Rhizopus nigrican
%lue 'ouldrot
Penicillium italicum
%lac7 'ouldrot
Aspergillus niger, Alternaria
Sli'iness and
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a'ples of Food Gualitya'ples of Food Guality
+ests +estseat E Fis! p) for vacuu' pac7aging HI0?
isual inspection for lea7age color c!ange
Faulty seals, pin-!oles
Sensory test
5erobic plate count at @0L/
6ndication of !ygiene at pac7agingpected refrigerated s!elf-life M 5(/ N i'proper cleaning of e1uip'ent,
unacceptable ti'ete'perature !istory of ra*products
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+esting for icrobial Guality +esting for icrobial Guality
+otal iable /ount
nterobacteriacea
/olifor's
$scherichia coli
nterococci
!taphilococcus aureus
acillus spp
Clostridium perfringens
Dactic acid bacteria
Pseudomonas species Beasts and 'olds
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a'ples of Food Sub'issiona'ples of Food Sub'ission
For'sFor's
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+otal iable /ount +otal iable /ount
Total "iale o!nt also kno-n as:
)eterotrop!ic plate count H)(/?
5erobic plate count H5(/?
+otal plate count H+(/?
5erobic colony count H5//?
5erobic 'esop!ilic count
#!rpose:
+!e aerobic plate count gives t!e total nu'ber of bacteria able togro* in an oygenated or aerobic environ'ent
/oo7ed foods s!ould !ave little to no bacteria presentAesult provides a guide for s!elf-life of foods +!e !ig!er t!e count prolonged storage, andor inade1uate
coo7ing
ote ot a useful indicator for fer'ented foodsor fres! read -to-eat ra* fruits and ve etables
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nterobacteriaceaenterobacteriaceae5 fa'ily of =ra'-negative, facultativelyanaerobic, rod-s!aped bacteria t!at do notfor' endospores and fer'ent variety ofsugars
6ncludes (at!ogenic 'icrobes
eg pat!ogenic $. coli, Proteus, !almonella,
!higella, 'ersinia, $nterobacter , !erratia, (lebsiella on-pat!ogenic 'icrobes
eg Citrobacter , $r%inia, #afnia
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/olifor's and/olifor's and $. coli$. coli
/olifor's +otal colifor's Fecal colifor's
o Found in !u'an and ani'al intestinal *asteso ore precise indicator of t!e presence of
se*age conta'ination t!an total colifor's
Four groups of fecal colifor's
o$nterobactero(lebsiella
o $scherichia
oCitrobacter
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$scherichia coli%est indicator of fecal sanitation proble's
/!aracteri.ed by t!e fer'entation of
gl!cose and lactose
Found 6n t!e gut of *ar' blooded 'a''als
6n t!e gut of insects and reptiles5s natural soil 'icrobial 4ora
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Sanitary Guality =uidelines
Food $roupIndicator Test Result (!F%&g
Satisfactory %nsatisfactoryAero'ic !olony !ount
a""ed foods ooked hotheld food 5 5
ooked chilled food "o ha"dli" 100 1000
ooked chilled food %ith ha"dli" resered foods
100000 1000000
o" shelf life fish prod$cts meat prod$cts fr$ita"d eeta'le prod$cts
1000000 100000000
erme"ted foods resh fr$its a"d eeta'les ot applica'le ot applica'le
Total !oliform !ount
ll foods ecept fresh fr$its eeta'les
or foods co"tai"i" them 100 1000
Fecal !oliform !ount
ll foods ecept fresh fr$its eeta'les or foodsco"tai"i" them
3 3
Escherichia coli !ount
ll foods 3 3
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5erobic (late /ount5erobic (late /ount
nviron'ental S*absnviron'ental S*abs=uidelines for interpretation of bacterial counts fro's*abs and sponges as 'eans of 'onitoring t!e cleanlinessof surfaces
$nterpretation
F( o!nt#er Area
S-aed+og
on.ersion
o!nts onS!race/0ased on 12cm1 s!raceareasampled3
/lean I P /FC I >P I P /FC c'2
/onta'inated >0 to 20/FC
2>P 8 2> Q P to >0/FC c'2
ery/onta'inated
R 20 /FC R 2> R >0 /FC c'2 )alues *ill +ary depending on size of t,e surface area sampled- To calculate t,e num'er of
'acteria per cm. ta/e t,e total !F% and di+ide 'y t,e surface area s*a''ed-
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/o''on Spoilage/o''on Spoilageicroorganis'sicroorganis's
!he%anella putrefaciens
Pseudomonas sppo=ra' negative
oAod s!aped
ootileo5erobic
oon-spore for'ing
o%io&l' for'ershttp://%%%.lille.i"ra.fr/lille_e"/$"ites_et_recherches/"os_$"ites/pta/i"terfaces_'acteries_alime"ts_s$rfaces_solides
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
htt ://%%%.micro'eli'rar .or /asmo"l /details.as ;id<545a" <
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%io&l's%io&l's
)*ariety of microorganismsarranged in a comple+
relationship to one another andembedded in a mass ofe+tracellular polysaccharides of
their o%n maing-
(http://%%%.perso"al.ps$.ed$/fac$lt,/j/e/jel5/'iofilms/*
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%io&l's /ontinued%io&l's /ontinued
/o''unities of bacteriaad!ering to
nviron'ental surfaces
Diving tissues 6nd*elling 'edical devices 6ndustrial or potable *ater
syste' piping
atural a1uatic syste's Food processing facilities
o Floors, *aste *ater pipes,bends in pipes, rubber seals,conveyor belts, stainless
steel surfaces HKu'ar and5nand, >99?=># >icro'iolo, etters. 228:203210.
http://%%%.micro'eli'rar,.or/
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#!y do bacteria for' bio&l's$#!y do bacteria for' bio&l's$
(rotection fro' t!e environ'entoSaniti.ers
o5ntibiotics
utrient availability and'etabolic cooperativity
5c1uisition of ne* genetic traits
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%io&l' for'ation
!ttp***personalpsuedufacultyTeTelPbio&l's
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/ontrol of icrobial Spoilage/ontrol of icrobial Spoilage
=ood 'anufacturing practices
/leaning and sanitation(rocessing environ'ent
1uip'ent)andling *it! 'ini'al p!ysical da'age
#as!ing Hin so'e case?
(roper storage te'perature
Aapid 'ove'ent of food t!roug!processing plant
+reat'ents<
preservation
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+e'perature basedo /!illingo Aefrigerationo Free.ingo (asteuri.ation
o /anning
#ater activity reductiono "e!ydrationo 5ddition of salts and sugars
6rradiationodi&ed 5t'osp!ere (ac7agingFer'entation
+reat'ent *it! c!e'icals
o Sorbic acid, p!enylp!enates, dip!enyl andiodop!ors, fu'igation *it! sulfur-containing dusts
Food preservationFood preservation
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AeferencesAeferences> "avey and OU+oole H2000? icrobial %io&l's fro' ecology to
'olecular genetics icrobiol olec %io Aev H?V-V
2 Forsyt!e, SJ, and (A )ayes >99 Food )ygiene icrobiology and)5//( @rd d pp @ 5spen (ublis!ers 6nc, aryland
@ 6/SF 200P icroorganis's in Foods icrobial cology of Food/o''odities 2nd d pp V@ Klu*er 5cade'ic(lenu' (ublis!ers,
e* Bor7, B ars!, J, ) Duo, ) #ang 200@ 5 t!ree-tiered approac! to
di3erentiate Disteria 'onocytogenes bio&l'-for'ing abilities FSicrobiology Detters 2220@-2>0
P !ttp***personalpsuedufacultyTeTelPbio&l's
!ttp***@sy'paticocatanianicolasAiverW20%io&l'Tpg
V !ttp***lilleinrafrlilleXengunitesXetXrec!erc!esnosXunites gptainterfacesXbacteriesXali'entsXsurfacesXsolides
!ttp***personalpsuedufacultyTeTelPbio&l's
9 !ttp***'icrobelibraryorgas'onlydetailsasp$idNPPEDangN
>0 !ttpti'elytidbits*ordpressco'2000V2t!e-*ord-of-god-as-
rotting-fruit>> !ttpfar'@static4ic7rco'2@>@2>>9>VX>2cePcdV@Tpg
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+!an7 youY