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-
7/26/2019 34U Multi Choice Update
1/28
2000 - 2004
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-
7/26/2019 34U Multi Choice Update
2/28
2000 - 2004
E T
C
C
O
O
R
R
R
R
O
O
S
S
I
I
O
O
N
N
3
3
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
A
A
N
N
D
D
M
M
E
E
T
T
A
A
L
L
D
D
EF
F
E
E
C
C
TS
S
7
7
P
P
H
H
O
O
T
T
O
O
G
G
R
R
A
A
P
P
H
H
Y
Y
1
1
0
0
C
C
O
O
N
N
C
C
R
R
E
E
T
T
E
E
1
1
3
3
UU
LLTT AA SSOONN II CCSS
1166
M
M
A
A
G
G
N
N
E
E
T
T
I
I
C
C
P
P
A
A
R
R
T
T
I
I
C
C
L
L
E
E
IN
N
S
S
P
P
E
E
C
C
T
T
I
I
O
O
N
N
2
2
3
3
G
G
E
E
N
N
E
E
R
R
A
A
L
L
2
2
7
7
A
A
N
N
S
S
W
W
E
E
R
R
S
S
-
-
2
2
8
8
-
7/26/2019 34U Multi Choice Update
3/28
2000 - 2004
I
O E
C
C
o
o
r
r
r
r
o
o
s
s
i
i
o
o
n
n
1
1
C
C
O
O
R
R
R
R
O
O
S
S
I
I
O
O
N
N
C
C
A
A
N
N
B
B
E
E
S
S
T
T
B
B
E
E
D
D
E
E
F
F
I
I
N
N
E
E
D
D
A
A
S
S
:
:
a. Physical breakdown of a material
b. Oxidation of materials
c. Surface rust
d.
Metal reverting to its original state
2
2
T
T
H
H
E
E
G
G
A
A
L
L
V
V
A
A
N
N
I
I
C
C
S
S
E
E
R
R
I
I
E
E
S
S
I
I
N
N
S
S
E
E
A
A
W
W
A
A
T
T
E
E
R
R
I
I
S
S
:
:
a. A list of metals that corrode in seawater
b. A list of metals in order of increasing tendency to corrode in seawater
c. A list of noble and less noble metal
d. A list of metals that react with one another when placed in seawater
3
3
T
T
H
H
E
E
C
C
A
A
T
T
H
H
O
O
D
D
E
E
I
I
S
S
:
:
a. Positive and protected
b. Negative and protected
c. Positive and corrodes
d. Negative and corrodes
4
4
G
G
E
E
N
N
E
E
R
R
A
A
L
L
C
C
O
O
R
R
R
R
O
O
S
S
I
I
O
O
N
N
D
D
I
I
F
F
F
F
E
E
R
R
S
S
F
F
R
R
O
O
M
M
P
P
I
I
T
T
T
T
I
I
N
N
G
G
C
C
O
O
R
R
R
R
O
O
S
S
I
I
O
O
N
N
B
B
E
E
C
C
A
A
U
U
S
S
E
E
:
:
a. There is always more general pitting corrosion
b. Pitting corrosion is more significant b
c. In general corrosion on the anodic areas shift around
d. General corrosion only occurs at depths below 20m
5
5
T
T
H
H
E
E
D
D
E
E
S
S
I
I
R
R
E
E
D
D
P
P
H
H
L
L
E
E
V
V
E
E
L
L
T
T
O
O
IN
N
H
H
I
I
B
B
IT
T
C
C
O
O
R
R
R
R
O
O
S
S
I
I
O
O
N
N
I
I
S
S
:
:
a. 8
b. 10
c. 12
d. 14
6
6
A
A
B
B
R
R
A
A
S
S
S
S
B
B
OL
L
T
T
I
I
S
S
F
F
I
I
T
T
T
T
E
E
D
D
I
I
N
N
T
T
O
O
A
A
N
N
A
A
L
L
U
U
M
M
I
I
N
N
U
U
M
M
P
P
L
L
A
A
T
T
E
E
,
,
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
W
W
I
I
L
L
L
L
B
B
E
E
T
T
H
H
E
E
R
R
ES
S
U
U
L
L
T
T
:
:
a. It will remain secure as brass does not corrode
b. The brass will corrode and the bolt will fail
c. The aluminum will corrode
d.
Both will corrode equally as they are in contact
7
7
M
M
A
A
R
R
I
I
N
N
E
E
G
G
R
R
O
O
W
W
T
T
H
H
M
M
A
A
Y
Y
C
C
A
A
U
U
S
S
E
E
:
:
a. Galvanic corrosion
b. Erosion corrosion
c. General corrosion
d.
Crevice corrosion
88 TT
HHEERR AA TT EEOOFFCCOO RRRROO SS IIOO NN WWII LLLLBB EEII NN CCRREEAA SSEEDDBB YY
::
a. Rise in the pH level
b. Stagnation of the water
c. Increase in temperature
d. Increase in the amount of light
9
9
C
C
A
A
T
T
H
H
O
O
D
D
I
I
C
C
P
P
R
R
O
O
T
T
E
E
C
C
T
T
I
I
O
O
N
N
I
I
S
S
D
D
E
E
S
S
C
C
R
R
I
I
B
B
E
E
D
D
A
A
S
S
:
:
a. A series of sacrificial anodes placed on a structure
b. The establishment of a preferential corrosion cell sympathetic to the material to be protected
c. The application of an external current equal to or greater than all of the microscopic cell current at the steel surface
d. The suppression of corrosion
1
1
0
0
S
S
A
A
C
C
R
R
I
I
F
F
I
I
C
C
I
I
A
A
L
L
A
A
N
N
O
O
D
D
E
E
S
S
M
M
A
A
Y
Y
B
B
E
E
M
M
A
A
D
D
E
E
O
O
F
F
:
:
a. Zinc
b. Magnesiumc.
Aluminum
d.
All of the above
-
7/26/2019 34U Multi Choice Update
4/28
2000 - 2004
F
E
I
O
A
1
1
1
1
W
W
H
H
E
E
N
N
P
P
R
R
O
O
T
T
E
E
C
C
T
T
I
I
N
N
G
G
A
A
S
S
T
T
R
R
U
U
C
C
T
T
U
U
R
R
E
E
,
,
A
A
S
S
A
A
C
C
R
R
I
I
F
F
I
I
C
C
I
I
A
A
L
L
A
A
N
N
O
O
D
D
E
E
S
S
H
H
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
B
B
E
E
:
:
a. More noble
b. Well insulated
c. Less nobled. Similar
1
1
2
2
I
I
M
M
P
P
R
R
E
E
S
S
S
S
E
E
D
D
C
C
U
U
R
R
R
R
E
E
N
N
T
T
A
A
N
N
O
O
D
D
E
E
S
S
A
A
R
R
E
E
E
E
N
N
E
E
R
R
G
G
I
I
S
S
E
E
D
D
U
U
P
P
T
T
O
O
:
:
a. 240 volts AC, 13 amps
b. 90 volts DC, 340 amps
c. 80 volts DC, 750 amps
d. 60 volts DC, 600 amps
1
1
5
5
I
I
F
F
C
C
A
A
T
T
H
H
O
O
D
D
I
I
C
C
P
P
R
R
O
O
T
T
E
E
C
C
T
T
I
I
O
O
N
N
I
I
S
S
U
U
S
S
E
E
D
D
T
T
O
O
P
P
R
R
E
E
V
V
E
E
N
N
T
T
C
C
O
O
R
R
R
R
O
O
S
S
I
I
O
O
N
N
O
O
F
F
A
A
M
M
E
E
T
T
A
A
L
L
S
S
U
U
R
R
F
F
A
A
C
C
E
E
,
,
T
T
H
H
A
A
T
T
S
S
U
U
R
R
FA
A
C
C
E
E
I
I
S
S
:
:
a. The anode
b. The cathode
c. Radioactive
d. None of the above
1
1
4
4
A
A
N
N
O
O
D
D
ES
S
IN
N
T
T
H
H
E
E
I
I
M
M
P
P
R
R
E
E
S
S
S
S
E
E
D
D
C
C
U
U
R
R
R
R
E
E
N
N
T
T
S
S
Y
Y
S
S
T
T
E
E
M
M
M
M
A
A
Y
Y
B
B
E
E
M
M
A
A
D
D
E
E
O
O
F
F
:
:
a. Zinc
b. Magnesium
c. Aluminum
d. Niobium
1
1
5
5
T
T
H
H
E
E
N
N
E
E
G
G
A
A
T
T
I
I
V
V
E
E
T
T
E
E
R
R
M
M
I
I
N
N
A
A
L
L
O
O
F
F
T
T
H
H
E
E
G
G
E
E
N
N
E
E
R
R
A
A
T
T
O
O
R
R
I
I
N
N
A
A
N
N
I
I
M
M
P
P
R
R
E
E
S
S
S
S
E
E
D
D
C
C
U
U
R
R
R
R
E
E
N
N
T
T
S
S
Y
Y
S
S
T
T
E
E
M
M
S
S
H
H
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
B
B
E
E
A
A
T
T
T
T
A
A
C
C
H
H
E
E
D
D
T
T
O
O
:
:
a. The anode
b. The earth anchorage away from the structure
c. The insulated conductor
d. The structure
1
1
6
6
A
A
N
N
I
I
M
M
P
P
R
R
E
E
S
S
S
S
E
E
D
D
C
C
U
U
R
R
R
R
E
E
N
N
T
T
S
S
Y
Y
S
S
T
T
E
E
M
M
S
S
H
H
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
B
B
E
E
S
S
W
W
I
I
T
T
C
C
H
H
E
E
D
D
O
O
F
F
F
F
:
:
a. 6 hours in every 24 hours
b. One week in a month
c. Never
d. When it may be a hazard
1
1
7
7
A
A
N
N
I
I
N
N
S
S
P
P
E
E
C
C
T
T
IO
O
N
N
OF
F
A
A
C
C
A
A
T
T
H
H
O
O
D
D
E
E
P
P
R
R
O
O
T
T
E
E
C
C
T
T
I
I
O
O
N
N
S
S
Y
Y
S
S
T
T
E
E
M
M
W
W
I
I
L
L
L
L
N
N
O
O
R
R
M
M
A
A
L
L
L
L
Y
Y
I
I
N
N
C
C
L
L
U
U
D
D
E
E
T
T
H
H
E
E
S
S
T
T
R
R
U
U
C
C
T
T
U
U
R
R
E
E
A
A
N
N
D
D
:
:
a. Major pipelines up to 20m from its base
b. All pipelines up to 20m from its base
c. Nothing else
d. Pipeline connections
1
1
8
8
A
A
C
C
P
P
M
M
E
E
T
T
E
E
R
R
M
M
E
E
A
A
S
S
U
U
R
R
E
E
S
S
:
:
a. The corrosion that has taken place
b. The wall thickness of the steel
c. The potential to corrode
d. The corrosion rate
1
1
9
9
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
A
A
R
R
E
E
T
T
H
H
E
E
E
E
X
X
P
P
E
E
C
C
T
T
E
E
D
D
R
R
A
A
N
N
G
G
E
E
O
O
F
F
R
R
E
E
A
A
D
D
I
I
N
N
G
G
S
S
F
F
O
O
R
R
U
U
N
N
P
P
R
R
O
O
T
T
E
E
C
C
T
T
E
E
D
D
S
S
T
T
E
E
E
E
L
L
I
I
N
N
S
S
E
E
A
A
W
W
A
A
T
T
E
E
R
R
I
I
S
S
:
:
a. -500 to -600 mV
b. -800 to -900 mV
c. -400 to -650 mV
d. -450 to -600 mV
2
2
0
0
A
A
P
P
O
O
T
T
E
E
N
N
T
T
I
I
A
A
L
L
R
R
E
E
AD
D
I
I
N
N
G
G
O
O
F
F
-
-
1
1
0
0
0
0
M
M
V
V
W
W
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
I
I
N
N
D
D
I
I
C
C
A
A
T
T
E
E
T
T
H
H
A
A
T
T
T
T
H
H
E
E
M
M
A
A
T
T
E
E
R
R
I
I
A
A
L
L
U
U
N
N
D
D
E
E
R
R
T
T
E
E
S
S
T
T
W
W
A
A
S
S
:
:
a. Heavily corroding steel
b. Zinc / magnesium anode
c. Monel
e. Silver
-
7/26/2019 34U Multi Choice Update
5/28
2000 - 2004
O
E
T E H
R
2
2
1
1
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
P
P
A
A
R
R
T
T
O
O
F
F
T
T
H
H
E
E
G
G
A
A
L
L
V
V
A
A
N
N
I
I
C
C
C
C
E
E
L
L
L
L
I
I
S
S
F
F
O
O
R
R
M
M
E
E
D
D
B
B
Y
Y
T
T
H
H
E
E
S
S
T
T
A
A
I
I
N
N
L
L
E
E
S
S
S
S
S
S
T
T
E
E
E
E
L
L
T
T
I
I
P
P
O
O
N
N
A
A
C
C
P
P
M
M
E
E
T
T
E
E
R
R
:
:
a. The anode
b. The cathode
c. The electrolyte
d.
The electrical path
e.
2
2
2
2
P
P
R
R
I
I
O
O
R
R
T
T
O
O
A
A
D
D
I
I
V
V
E
E
S
S
H
H
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
A
A
C
C
P
P
M
M
E
E
T
T
E
E
R
R
B
B
E
E
C
C
A
A
L
L
I
I
B
B
R
R
A
A
T
T
E
E
D
D
:
:
a. Calibration is not required
b. Calibration should be done before the dive
c. Calibration should be done after the dive
d. Calibration should be done before and after the dive
2
2
3
3
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
W
W
OU
U
L
L
D
D
A
A
R
R
E
E
A
A
D
D
I
I
N
N
G
G
O
O
F
F
-
-
7
7
0
0
0
0
M
M
V
V
O
O
N
N
A
A
S
S
T
T
E
E
E
E
L
L
S
S
T
T
R
R
U
U
C
C
T
T
U
U
R
R
E
E
W
W
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
I
I
N
N
D
D
I
I
C
C
A
A
T
T
E
E
:
:
a. The structure was adequately protected
b. The meter was faulty
c. There was inadequate local protection
d. The structure was unprotected
2
2
4
4
W
W
H
H
E
E
N
N
O
O
B
B
T
T
A
A
I
I
N
N
I
I
N
N
G
G
A
A
R
R
E
E
A
A
D
D
I
I
N
N
G
G
U
U
S
S
I
I
N
N
G
G
A
A
C
C
P
P
M
M
E
E
T
T
E
E
R
R
,
,
T
T
H
H
E
E
R
R
E
E
F
F
E
E
R
R
E
E
N
N
C
C
E
E
H
H
A
A
L
L
F
F
C
C
E
E
L
L
L
L
S
S
H
H
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
:
:
a. Be in direct contact with the structure
b. Be at least 300mm from the steel surface
c. Be as close as possible without making contact
d. Never be used
2
2
5
5
W
W
H
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
O
O
F
F
T
T
H
H
E
E
F
F
O
O
L
L
L
L
O
O
W
W
I
I
N
N
G
G
I
I
S
S
C
C
O
O
N
N
S
S
I
I
D
D
E
E
R
R
E
E
D
D
T
T
O
O
B
B
E
E
T
T
H
H
E
E
H
H
I
I
G
G
H
H
E
E
R
R
R
R
E
E
A
A
D
D
I
I
N
N
G
G
:
:
a. -600 mV
b. -700 mV
c. -650 mV
d. -900 mV
2
2
6
6
W
W
H
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
O
O
F
F
T
T
H
H
E
E
F
F
O
O
L
L
L
L
O
O
W
W
I
I
N
N
G
G
W
W
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
B
B
E
E
U
U
S
S
E
E
D
D
T
T
O
O
M
M
E
E
A
A
S
S
U
U
R
R
E
E
T
T
H
H
E
E
C
C
O
O
R
R
R
R
O
O
S
S
I
I
O
O
N
N
R
R
A
A
T
T
E
E
O
O
N
N
A
A
S
S
T
T
E
E
E
E
L
L
S
S
T
T
R
R
U
U
C
C
T
T
U
U
R
R
E
E
:
:
a. MPI
b. 'A' scan unitc. UT meter
d. CP meter
2
2
7
7
W
W
H
H
E
E
N
N
W
W
I
I
L
L
L
L
T
T
H
H
E
E
C
C
O
O
R
R
R
R
O
O
S
S
I
I
O
O
N
N
R
R
A
A
T
T
E
E
O
O
F
F
S
S
T
T
EE
E
L
L
I
I
N
N
C
C
R
R
E
E
A
A
S
S
E
E
:
:
a. If the water temperature increases
b. If the water temperature decreases
c. Water temperature does not affect the corrosion rate of steel
d. If the water was freshwater
2
2
8
8
C
C
O
O
R
R
R
R
O
O
S
S
I
I
O
O
N
N
W
W
I
I
L
L
L
L
S
S
T
T
A
A
R
R
T
T
I
I
F
F
:
:
a. pH is too high
b. pH is too low
c. Metal in electrochemical environment
d. If one metal is more noble than another
2
2
9
9
I
I
N
N
TH
H
E G
G
A
A
L
L
V
V
A
A
N
N
I
I
C
C
S
S
E
E
R
R
I
I
E
E
S
S
,
,
W
W
HI
I
C
C
H
H
P
P
R
R
O
O
D
D
U
U
C
C
E
E
S
S
M
M
O
O
S
S
T
T
E
E
L
L
E
E
C
C
T
T
R
R
I
I
C
C
I
I
T
T
Y
Y
:
:
a. Silver and lead
b. Copper and lead
c. Copper and silver
d. Silver and aluminum
3
3
0
0
W
W
H
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
O
O
F
F
T
T
H
H
E
E
F
F
O
O
L
L
L
L
O
O
W
W
I
I
N
N
G
G
M
M
A
A
T
T
E
E
R
R
I
I
A
A
L
L
S
S
A
A
RE
E
U
U
S
S
E
E
D
D
T
T
O
O
M
M
A
A
K
K
E
E
I
I
M
M
P
P
R
R
E
E
S
S
S
S
E
E
D
D
C
C
U
U
R
R
R
R
E
E
N
N
T
T
A
A
N
N
O
O
D
D
E
E
:
:
a. Niobium and tungsten and lead
b. Niobium and silver and lead
c. Niobium and tungsten and aluminum
d. Niobium and titanium
-
7/26/2019 34U Multi Choice Update
6/28
2000 - 2004
D S
3
3
1
1
A
A
R
R
E
E
I
I
M
M
P
P
R
R
E
E
S
S
S
S
E
E
D
D
C
C
U
U
R
R
R
R
E
E
N
N
T
T
A
A
N
N
O
O
D
D
E
E
S
S
U
U
S
S
E
E
D
D
O
O
N
N
P
P
L
L
A
A
T
T
F
F
O
O
R
R
M
M
S
S
T
T
O
O
:
:
a. Increase the electrical flow
b. Reduce the weight loading
c. Use less power and maintenance
d. Reduce the electrical flow
3
3
2
2
W
W
H
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
O
O
F
F
T
T
H
H
E
E
F
F
O
O
L
L
L
L
O
O
W
W
I
I
N
N
G
G
M
M
E
E
T
T
H
H
O
O
DS
S
A
A
R
R
E
E
U
U
SE
E
D
D
T
T
O
O
D
D
E
E
T
T
E
E
R
R
M
M
I
I
N
N
E
E
I
I
N
N
T
T
E
E
R
R
N
N
A
A
L
L
C
C
O
O
R
R
R
R
O
O
S
S
I
I
O
O
N
N
:
:
a. CP metering
b. MPI
c. 'A' scan
d. Visual inspection
-
7/26/2019 34U Multi Choice Update
7/28
2000 - 2004
M
C
M
MO T
W
W
e
e
l
l
d
d
a
a
n
n
d
d
m
m
e
e
t
t
a
a
l
l
d
d
e
e
f
f
e
e
c
c
t
t
s
s
1
1
W
W
H
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
I
I
S
S
T
T
H
H
E
E
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
Z
Z
O
O
N
N
E
E
:
:
a. The part of the parent metal that is melted into the weld metalb. The area of the parent metal that has been affected by heat
c. The area containing the weld metal
d. The boundary between the fusion zone and the heat affected zone
2
2
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
I
I
S
S
T
T
H
H
E
E
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
F
F
A
A
C
C
E
E
:
:
a. The surface of the weld
b. The edge where the parent metal has been prepared
c. The surface joint where weld metal meets parent metal
d. The boundary between the fusion zone and the heat affected zone
3
3
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
I
I
N
N
G
G
D
D
E
E
F
F
E
E
C
C
T
T
S
S
C
C
L
L
A
A
S
S
S
S
I
I
F
F
I
I
E
E
D
D
I
I
N
N
T
T
O
O
H
H
O
O
W
W
MA
A
N
N
Y
Y
G
G
R
R
O
O
U
U
P
P
S
S
:
:
a. 4
b. 5
c. 6d. 7
4
4
A
A
N
N
I
I
M
M
P
P
E
E
R
R
F
F
E
E
C
C
T
T
S
S
H
H
A
A
P
P
E
E
C
C
L
L
A
A
S
S
S
S
I
I
F
F
I
I
C
C
A
A
T
T
I
I
O
O
N
N
G
G
I
I
V
V
E
E
N
N
T
T
O
O
:
:
a. Lack of fusion
b. Lack of penetration
c. Porosity
f.
Incompletely filled groove
5
5
W
W
H
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
O
O
F
F
T
T
H
H
E
E
F
F
O
O
L
L
L
L
O
O
W
W
I
I
N
N
G
G
A
A
R
R
E
E
P
P
L
L
A
A
N
N
A
A
R
R
D
D
E
E
F
F
E
E
C
C
T
T
S
S
:
:
a. Overlap
b. Lack of fusion
c. Solid inclusions
d. Porosity
6
6
W
W
H
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
O
O
F
F
T
T
H
H
E
E
F
F
O
O
L
L
L
L
O
O
W
W
I
I
N
N
G
G
A
A
R
R
E
E
V
V
O
O
L
L
U
U
M
M
E
E
T
T
R
R
I
I
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
E
E
C
C
T
T
S
S
:
:
a. Laminations
b. Cracks
c. Worm holes
d. Lack of sidewall fusion
7
7
W
W
H
H
E
E
R
R
E
E
A
A
R
R
E
E
F
F
A
A
T
T
I
I
G
G
U
U
E
E
C
C
R
R
A
A
C
C
K
K
S
S
M
M
O
O
S
S
T
T
L
L
I
I
K
K
E
E
L
L
Y
Y
T
T
O
O
A
A
P
P
P
P
E
E
A
A
R
R
:
:
a. Welds - on the surface
b. Welds - internally
c. Parent metal
d. Heat affected zone
8
8
W
W
H
H
E
E
N
N
C
C
L
L
E
E
A
A
N
N
I
I
N
N
G
G
A
A
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
F
F
O
O
R
R
CV
V
I
I
/
/
M
M
P
P
I
I
W
W
H
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
C
C
L
L
E
E
A
A
N
N
I
I
N
N
G
G
S
S
T
T
A
A
N
N
D
D
A
A
R
R
D
D
S
S
H
H
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
B
B
E
E
A
A
D
D
O
O
P
P
T
T
E
E
D
D
:
:
a. SA 3
b. SA 2.5b
c. BS 5405
d. BS 5200
9
9
W
W
H
H
E
E
N
N
C
C
L
L
E
E
A
A
N
N
I
I
N
N
G
G
A
A
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
F
F
O
O
R
R
MP
P
I
I
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
A
A
R
R
E
E
A
A
S
S
S
S
H
H
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
N
N
O
O
R
R
M
M
A
A
L
L
L
L
Y
Y
B
B
E
E
I
I
N
N
C
C
L
L
U
U
D
D
E
E
D
D
:
:
a. The whole weld
b. 10 cm either side and the weld itself
c. 15 cm either side and the weld itself
d. 20 cm either side and the weld itself
1
1
0
0
W
W
H
H
E
E
N
N
R
R
E
E
P
P
O
O
R
R
T
T
I
I
N
N
G
G
A
A
D
D
E
E
F
F
E
E
C
C
T
T
D
D
U
U
R
R
I
I
N
N
G
G
A
A
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
I
I
N
N
S
S
P
P
E
E
C
C
T
T
I
I
O
O
N
N
,
,
W
W
H
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
I
I
S
S
T
T
H
H
E
E
MOS
S
T A
A
C
C
C
C
U
U
R
R
A
A
T
T
E
E
M
M
E
E
A
A
S
S
U
U
R
R
E
E
M
M
E
E
N
N
T
T
:
:
a. Clock positions
b. Centimetersc. Millimeters from datum
d. Millimeters from nearest known feature
-
7/26/2019 34U Multi Choice Update
8/28
2000 - 2004
E
T E
S
R
I
N
L
D
1
1
1
1
O
O
X
X
I
I
D
D
E
E
I
I
N
N
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
S
S
,
,
C
C
A
A
N
N
C
C
A
A
U
U
S
S
E
E
D
D
I
I
S
S
C
C
O
O
N
N
T
T
I
I
N
N
U
U
I
I
T
T
I
I
E
E
S
S
,
,
W
W
H
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
A
A
R
R
E
E
S
S
I
I
M
M
I
I
L
L
A
A
R
R
T
T
O
O
N
N
O
O
N
N
-
-
M
M
ET
T
A
A
L
L
L
L
I
I
C
C
I
I
N
N
C
C
L
L
U
U
S
S
I
I
O
O
N
N
S
S
,
,
T
T
H
H
E
E
S
S
E
E
O
O
X
X
I
I
D
D
E
E
R
R
E
E
L
L
A
A
T
T
E
E
D
D
D
D
I
I
S
S
C
C
O
O
N
N
T
T
I
I
N
N
U
U
I
I
T
T
I
I
E
E
S
S
A
A
R
R
E
E
C
C
A
A
L
L
L
L
E
E
D
D
:
:
a. Crater cracks
b. Seamsc. Slag inclusions
d. TIG inclusions
1
1
2
2
A
A
G
G
R
R
O
O
O
O
V
V
E
E
I
I
N
N
TH
H
E T
T
O
O
E
E
O
O
F
F
T
T
H
H
E
E
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
C
C
A
A
U
U
S
S
E
E
D
D
B
B
Y
Y
E
E
X
X
C
C
E
E
S
S
S
S
I
I
V
V
E
E
A
A
R
R
C
C
W
W
H
H
E
E
N
N
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
I
I
N
N
G
G
I
I
S
S
T
T
E
E
R
R
M
M
E
E
D
D
:
:
a. Underlap
b. Incomplete filled groove
c. Undercut
d. Insufficient reinforcement
1
1
3
3
E
E
X
X
C
C
E
E
S
S
S
S
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
M
M
E
E
T
T
A
A
L
L
A
A
T
T
T
T
H
H
E
E
F
F
A
A
C
C
E
E
O
O
F
F
A
A
B
B
U
U
T
T
T
T
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
S
S
H
H
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
B
B
E
E
T
T
E
E
R
R
M
M
E
E
D
D
:
:
a. Overlapping
b. Excessive convexity
c. Excessive reinforcement
d.
Overlay
1
1
4
4
E
E
X
X
C
C
E
E
S
S
S
S
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
M
M
E
E
T
T
A
A
L
L
A
A
T
T
T
T
H
H
E
E
F
F
A
A
C
C
E
E
O
O
F
F
A
A
F
F
I
I
L
L
L
L
E
E
T
T
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
S
S
H
H
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
B
B
E
E
T
T
E
E
R
R
M
M
E
E
D
D
:
:
a. Overcapping
b. Excessive convexity
c. Excessive reinforcement
d. Overlay
1
1
5
5
A
A
R
R
E
E
D
D
U
U
C
C
T
T
I
I
O
O
N
N
I
I
N
N
T
T
H
H
I
I
C
C
K
K
N
N
E
E
S
S
S O
O
F
F
T
T
H
H
E
E
P
P
A
A
R
R
E
E
N
N
T
T
M
M
E
E
T
T
A
A
L
L
C
C
A
A
U
U
S
S
E
E
D
D
B
B
Y
Y
E
E
X
X
C
C
E
E
S
S
S
S
I
I
V
V
E
E
G
G
R
R
I
I
N
N
D
D
I
I
N
N
G
G
I
I
S
S
C
C
A
A
L
L
L
L
E
E
D
D
:
:
a. Underflushing
b. Overflushing
c. Underdressing
d. Grinding mark
1
1
6
6
A
A
C
C
RA
A
C
C
K
K
R
R
U
U
N
N
N
N
I
I
NG
G
S
S
T
T
R
R
A
A
I
I
G
G
H
H
T
T
A
A
L
L
O
O
N
N
G
G
T
T
H
H
E
E
C
C
E
E
N
N
T
T
E
E
R
R
O
O
F
F
T
T
H
H
E
E
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
W
W
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
B
B
E
E
C
C
A
A
L
L
L
L
E
E
D
D
:
:
a. Transverse
b. Compression
c. Longitudinal
d. Branching
1
1
7
7
W
W
H
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
O
O
F
F
T
T
H
H
E
E
F
F
O
O
L
L
L
L
O
O
W
W
I
I
N
N
G
G
W
W
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
N
N
O
O
R
R
M
M
A
A
LL
L
Y
Y
B
B
E
E
I
I
D
D
E
E
N
N
T
T
I
I
F
F
I
I
E
E
D
D
,
,
B
B
Y
Y
C
C
L
L
O
O
S
S
E
E
V
V
I
I
S
S
U
U
A
A
L
L
I
I
N
N
S
S
P
P
E
E
C
C
T
T
I
I
O
O
N
N
O
O
F
F
A
A
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
F
F
R
R
O
O
M
M
T
T
H
H
E
E
R
R
E
E
I
I
N
N
F
F
O
O
R
R
C
C
E
E
M
M
E
E
N
N
T
T
S
S
I
I
D
D
E
E
:
:
a. Lack of fusion
b. Lack of penetration
c. Undercut
d. Excessive penetration
1
1
8
8
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
C
C
A
A
U
U
S
S
E
E
S
S
S
S
L
L
A
A
G
G
T
T
O
O
F
F
O
O
R
R
M
M
O
O
N
N
T
T
H
H
E
E
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
R
R
U
U
N
N
:
:
a. Oxides produced at the surface
b. Impurities in the electrode
c. Melting of the flux coating
d. Incompletely fused metal
1
1
9
9
W
W
H
H
E
E
N
N
M
M
E
E
A
A
S
S
U
U
R
R
I
I
N
N
G
G
A
A
D
D
E
E
F
F
E
E
C
C
T
T
I
I
N
N
T
T
H
H
E
E
H
H
A
A
Z
Z
S
S
U
U
C
C
H
H
A
A
S
S
S
S
P
P
A
A
T
T
T
T
E
E
R
R
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
I
I
N
N
F
F
O
O
R
R
M
M
A
A
T
T
I
I
O
O
N
N
W
W
O
O
U
U
L
L
D Y
Y
O
O
U
U
G
G
I
I
V
V
E
E
:
:
a. Distance from datum
b. Diameter, depth
c. Distance from adjacent toe
d. All of the above
2
2
0
0
A
A
R
R
C
C
S
S
T
T
R
R
I
I
K
K
E
E
S
S
A
A
R
R
E
E
:
:
a. Reported but not significant
b. Not acceptable by many fabrication codes
c. Not detectable on a visual inspection
d. Never occur offshore
-
7/26/2019 34U Multi Choice Update
9/28
2000 - 2004
W U
, E
:
2
2
1
1
I
I
N
N
WH
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
O
O
F
F
T
T
H
H
E
E
F
F
O
O
L
L
L
L
O
O
W
W
I
I
N
N
G
G
W
W
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
Y
Y
O
O
U E
E
X
X
P
P
E
E
C
C
T
T
T
T
O
O
F
F
I
I
N
N
D
D
L
L
A
A
M
M
E
E
L
L
L
L
A
A
R
R
T
T
E
E
A
A
R
R
I
I
N
N
G
G
:
:
a. Un-welded steel plates
b. Large aluminum casting
c. Center of butt welds
d. None of the above
2
2
2
2
O
O
N
N
E
E
M
M
E
E
T
T
H
H
O
O
D
D
O
O
F
F
R
R
E
E
D
D
U
U
C
C
I
I
N
N
G
G
T
T
H
H
E
E
P
P
O
O
S
S
S
S
I
I
B
B
I
I
L
L
I
I
T
T
Y
Y
O
O
F
F
F
F
A
A
T
T
I
I
G
G
U
U
E
E
F
F
A
A
I
I
L
L
U
U
R
R
E
E
I
I
N
N
A
A
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
E
E
D
D
J
J
O
O
I
I
N
N
T
T
I
I
S
S
:
:
a. Use backing strips
b. Flexible coatings
c. Weld toe profiling
d. Concrete coating
2
2
3
3
L
L
A
A
M
M
I
I
N
N
A
A
T
T
I
I
O
O
N
N
S
S
A
A
N
N
D
D
S
S
O
O
L
L
I
I
D
D
I
I
N
N
C
C
L
L
U
U
S
S
I
I
O
O
N
N
S
S
:
:
a. Are found in steel plates
b. Are found in steel pipes
c. Can be found with ultrasonic inspection
d. All of the above
2
2
4
4
W
W
H
H
E
E
N
N
B
B
O
O
T
T
H
H
S
S
I
I
D
D
E
E
S
S
O
O
F
F
A
A
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
A
A
R
R
E
E
A
A
C
C
C
C
E
E
S
S
S
S
I
I
B
B
L
L
E
E
,W
W
H
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
O
O
F
F
F
F
O
O
L
L
L
L
O
O
W
W
I
I
N
N
G
G
C
C
A
A
N
N
N
N
O
O
T
T
B
B
E
E
D
D
ED
D
U
U
C
C
T
T
E
E
D
D
B
B
Y
Y
V
V
I
I
S
S
U
U
A
A
L
L
I
I
N
N
S
S
P
P
E
E
C
C
T
T
I
I
O
O
N
N
:
:
a. Excessive penetrationb. Worm holes
c. Cold lap and overlap
d. Laminations
2
2
5
5
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
A
A
R
R
E
E
T
T
W
W
O
O
O
O
R
R
M
M
O
O
R
R
E
E
M
M
E
E
M
M
B
B
E
E
R
R
S
S
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
E
E
D
D
T
T
O
O
G
G
E
E
T
T
H
H
E
E
R
R
A
A
R
R
E
E
C
C
A
A
L
L
L
L
E
E
D
D
:
:
a. Span
b. Node
c. Junction
d. Platform
-
7/26/2019 34U Multi Choice Update
10/28
2000 - 2004
o
A
ME L
:
P
P
h
h
o
o
t
t
og
g
r
r
a
a
p
p
h
h
y
y
1
1
W
W
H
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
C
C
O
O
L
L
O
O
U
U
R
R
L
L
I
I
G
G
H
H
T
T
I
I
S
S
A
A
B
B
S
S
O
O
R
R
B
B
E
E
D
D
F
F
I
I
R
R
S
S
T
T
:
:
a. Greenb. Blue
c. Red
d. All the same
2
2
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
T
T
E
E
R
R
M
M
I
I
S
S
G
G
I
I
V
V
E
E
N
N
T
T
O
O
T
T
H
H
E
E
R
R
E
E
F
F
L
L
E
E
C
C
T
T
I
I
V
V
E
E
E
E
F
F
F
F
E
E
C
C
T
T
O
O
F
F
S
S
U
U
S
S
P
P
E
E
N
N
D
D
E
E
D
D
M
M
I
I
N
N
E
E
R
R
A
A
L
L
S
S
,
,
S
S
I
I
L
L
T
T
E
E
T
T
C
C
I
I
N
N
W
W
E
E
A
A
K
K
E
E
N
N
I
I
N
N
G
G
T
T
H
H
E
E
L
L
I
I
G
G
H
H
T
T
I
I
N
N
T
T
E
E
N
N
S
S
I
I
T
T
Y
Y
:
:
a. Attenuation
b. Absorption
c. Scattering
d. Refraction
3
3
A
A
C
C
AM
M
E
E
R
R
A
A
T
T
H
H
A
A
T
T
A
A
L
L
L
L
O
O
W
W
S
S
V
V
I
I
E
E
W
W
I
I
N
N
G
G
T
T
H
H
R
R
O
O
U
U
G
G
H
H
T
T
H
H
E
E
L
L
E
E
N
N
S
S
P
P
R
R
I
I
O
O
R
R
T
T
O
O
T
T
A
A
K
K
I
I
N
N
G
G
T
T
H
H
E
E
P
P
H
H
O
O
T
T
O
O
G
G
R
R
A
A
P
P
H
H
I
I
S
S
C
C
A
A
L
L
L
L
E
E
D
D
:
:
a. Viewfinder camera
b. TLR camera
c. SLR camerad. SDP camera
4
4
L
L
E
E
N
N
S
S
E
E
S
S
W
W
I
I
T
T
H
H
S
S
H
H
O
O
R
R
T
T
F
F
O
O
C
C
A
A
L
L
L
L
E
E
N
N
G
G
T
T
H
H
S
S
A
A
R
R
E
E
C
C
A
A
L
L
L
L
E
E
D
D
:
:
a. Normal
b. Telephoto
c. Inverse
d. Wide angle
5
5
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
I
I
S
S
T
T
H
H
E
E
D
D
I
I
S
S
T
T
A
A
N
N
C
C
E
E
B
B
E
E
T
T
W
W
E
E
E
E
N
N
T
T
H
H
E
E
N
N
E
E
A
A
R
R
E
E
S
S
T
T
A
A
N
N
D
D
F
F
A
A
R
R
T
T
H
H
E
E
S
S
T
T
P
P
O
O
I
I
N
N
T
T
S
S
I
I
N
N
F
F
O
O
C
C
U
U
S
S
F
F
O
O
R
R
A
A
N
N
Y
Y
P
P
A
A
R
R
T
T
I
I
C
C
U
U
L
L
A
A
R
R
L
L
E
E
N
N
S
S
S
S
E
E
T
T
T
T
I
I
N
N
G
G
I
I
S
S
C
C
A
A
L
L
L
L
E
E
D
D
:
:
a . The F stop
b. The depth of field
c. The focal length
d. The focal point
6
6
D
D
E
E
P
P
T
T
H
H
O
O
F
F
F
F
I
I
E
E
L
L
D
D
I
I
N
N
C
C
R
R
E
E
A
A
S
S
E
E
S
S
W
W
H
H
E
E
N
N
:
:
a. The F number is increased
b. The subject to camera distance is increased
c. The lens focal length is decreased
d. All of the above
7
7
T
T
H
H
E
E
F
F
S
S
T
T
O
O
P
P
N
N
U
U
M
M
B
B
E
E
R
R
O
O
N
N
A
A
C
C
A
A
MER
R
A
A
I
I
S
S
C
C
A
A
L
L
C
C
U
U
LA
A
T
T
E
E
D
D
B
B
Y
Y
:
:
a. Dividing the focal length by the diameter of the aperture
b. Multiplying the focal length by the diameter of the aperture
c. Adding the camera to subject distance to the depth of field
d. Dividing the focal length by the lens size
8
8
W
W
H
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
I
I
S
S
T
T
H
H
E
E
F
F
O
O
L
L
L
L
O
O
W
W
I
I
N
N
G
G
H
H
A
A
S
S
T
T
H
H
E
E
F
F
A
A
S
S
T
T
E
E
S
S
T
T
A
A
S
S
A
A
:
:
a. 50 - 64b. 100 - 200
c. 400 - 6000
d. 20 - 35
9
9
F
F
I
I
L
L
M
M
P
P
R
R
O
O
C
C
E
E
S
S
S
S
U
U
S
S
I
I
N
N
G
G
T
T
H
H
E
E
E
E
6
6
T
T
E
E
C
C
H
H
N
N
I
I
Q
Q
U
U
E
E
A
A
R
R
E
E
:
:
a. Colour negative
b. Colour reversal
c. Colour retrieval
d. Monochrome negative
1
1
0
0
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
S
S
I
I
Z
Z
E
E
F
F
I
I
L
L
M
M
I
I
S
S
U
U
S
S
E
E
D
D
I
I
N
N
T
T
H
H
E
E
S
S
E
E
A
A
S
S
E
E
A
A
M
M
O
O
T
T
O
O
R
R
M
M
A
A
R
R
I
I
N
N
E
E
C
C
A
A
M
M
E
E
R
R
A
A
:
:
a. 126
b. 35 mm
c. 110d. 70 mm
-
7/26/2019 34U Multi Choice Update
11/28
2000 - 2004
O
I
S H
A
N
R
F
1
1
1
1
H
H
O
O
W
W
M
M
U
U
C
C
H
H
L
L
A
A
R
R
G
G
E
E
R
R
OR
R
S
S
M
M
A
A
L
L
L
L
E
E
R
R
I
I
S T
T
H
H
E
E
I
I
M
M
A
A
G
G
E
E
O
O
N
N
7
7
0
0
M
M
M
M
W
W
H
H
E
E
N
N
C
C
O
O
M
M
P
P
A
A
R
R
E
E
D
D
W
W
I
I
T
T
H 3
3
5
5
M
M
M
M
F
F
I
I
L
L
M
M
:
:
a. Two times larger
b. Four times larger
c. Two times smaller
d. Four times smaller
1
1
2
2
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
T
T
E
E
R
R
M
M
I
I
S
S
U
U
S
S
E
E
D
D
T
T
O
O
E
E
X
X
P
P
R
R
E
E
S
S
S
S
T
T
H
H
E
E
L
L
I
I
G
G
H
H
T
T
O
O
U
U
T
T
P
P
U
U
T
T
O
O
F
F
A
A
S
S
T
T
R
R
O
O
B
B
E
E
O
O
R
R
F
F
L
L
A
A
S
S
H
H
U
U
N
N
I
I
T
T
:
:
a. Wattage
b. Strobe number
c. Guide number
d. Lux
1
1
3
3
W
W
H
H
E
E
N
N
M
M
A
A
K
K
I
I
N
N
G
G
A
A
P
P
H
H
O
O
T
T
O
O
M
M
O
O
S
S
A
A
I
I
C
C
O
O
F
F
AN
N
N
N
O
O
D
D
A
A
L
L
W
W
E
E
L
L
D
D
,
,
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
O
O
V
V
E
E
R
R
L
L
A
A
P
P
O
O
N
N
I
I
N
N
D
D
I
I
V
V
I
I
D
D
U
U
A
A
L
L
F
F
R
R
A
A
M
M
E
E
S
S
S
S
H
H
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
B
B
E
E
U
U
S
S
E
E
D
D
:
:
a. 30 - 40 %
b. 40 - 50 %
c. 60 - 70 %
d. 70 - 80 %
1
1
4
4
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
I
I
S
S
T
T
H
H
E
E
F
F
R
R
A
A
M
M
E
E
S
S
I
I
Z
Z
E
E
O
O
F
F
T
T
H
H
E
E
N
N
I
I
K
K
O
O
N
N
O
O
S
S
C
C
A
A
M
M
E
E
R
R
A
A
W
W
H
H
E
E
N
N
F
F
I
I
T
T
T
T
E
E
D
D
W
W
I
I
T
T
H
H
C
C
L
L
O
O
S
S
E
E
-
-
U
U
P
P
L
L
E
E
N
N
S
S
A
A
N
N
D
D
P
P
R
R
O
O
D
D
S
S
:
:
a. 12 cm x 9 cm
b. 11 cm x 8 cm
c. 7 cm x 5 cm
d. 18 cm x 20 cm
1
1
5
5
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
I
I
S
S
T
T
H
H
E
E
S
S
P
P
E
E
E
E
D
D
S
S
E
E
T
T
T
T
I
I
N
N
G
G
O
O
N
N
T
T
H
H
E
E
N
N
I
I
K
K
O
O
NO
O
S
S
C
C
A
A
M
M
E
E
R
R
A
A
:
:
a. 1/60th second
b. 1/100th second
c. M90
d. 1/30th - 1/2000th second
1
1
6
6
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
F
F
S
S
T
T
O
O
P
P
S
S
W
W
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
Y
Y
O
O
U
U
B
B
R
R
A
A
C
C
K
K
E
E
T
T
A
A
R
R
O
O
U
U
N
N
D
D
W
W
H
H
E
E
N
N
T
T
A
A
K
K
I
I
N
N
G
G
A
A
S
S
T
T
A
A
N
N
D
D
-
-
O
O
F
F
F
F
P
P
H
H
O
O
T
T
O
O
G
G
R
R
A
A
P
P
H
H
F
F
R
R
O
O
M
M
1
1
M
M
U
U
N
N
D
D
E
E
RW
W
A
A
T
T
E
E
R
R
:
:
a. F 8
b. F 11
c. F 16d. F 22
1
1
7
7
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
I
I
S
S
T
T
H
H
E
E
E
E
S
S
S
S
E
E
N
N
T
T
I
I
A
A
L
L
I
I
N
N
G
G
R
R
E
E
D
D
I
I
E
E
N
N
T
T
O
O
F
F
A
A
G
G
O
O
O
O
D
D
I
I
N
N
S
S
P
P
E
E
C
C
T
T
I
I
O
O
N
N
P
P
H
H
O
O
T
T
O
O
G
G
R
R
A
A
P
P
H
H
:
:
a. A label noting the subject
b. A scale with either imperial or metric markings
c. Holding the camera in a horizontal position
d. Ensuring the flash is orientated correctly
1
1
8
8
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
I
I
S
S
T
T
H
H
E
E
M
M
O
O
S
S
T
T
I
I
M
M
P
P
O
O
R
R
T
T
A
A
N
N
T
T
R
R
E
E
A
A
S
S
O
O
N
N
FO
O
R
R
F
F
I
I
L
L
L
L
I
I
N
N
G
G
O
O
U
U
T
T
L
L
O
O
G
G
S
S
D
D
U
U
R
R
I
I
N
N
G
G
P
P
H
H
O
O
T
T
O
O
G
G
R
R
A
A
P
P
H
H
Y
Y
:
:
a. To save time during the writing of the report
b. As a record of photographs having been taken
c . To record the basic details of the film, such as subject, diver and date
d. To count the number of exposures used
1
1
9
9
T
T
H
H
E
E
S
S
P
P
E
E
E
E
D
D
O
O
F
F
P
P
H
H
O
O
T
T
O
O
G
G
R
R
A
A
P
P
H
H
I
I
C
C
E
E
M
M
U
U
L
L
S
S
I
I
O
O
N
N
I
I
S
S
A
A
F
F
F
F
E
E
C
C
T
T
E
E
D
D
B
B
Y
Y
:
:
a. The size of the film
b. Size of the aperture
c. Amount of light available
d. None of the above
2
2
0
0
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
H
H
A
A
P
P
P
P
E
E
N
N
S
S
A
A
S
S
L
L
I
I
G
G
H
H
T
T
T
T
R
R
A
A
V
V
E
E
L
L
S
S
T
T
H
H
R
R
O
O
U
U
G
G
H
H
W
W
A
A
T
T
E
E
R
R
:
:
a. The spectrum changes
b. It gains in intensity
c. The beam is not affected by scattering
d. It is not affected at the air water interface
2
2
1
1
T
T
O
O
D
D
A
A
R
R
K
K
E
E
N
N
T
T
H
H
E
E
N
N
E
E
G
G
A
A
T
T
I
I
V
V
E
E
O
O
F
F
A
A
B
B
L
L
A
A
C
C
K
K
A
A
N
N
D
D
W
W
H
H
I
I
T
T
E
E
F
F
I
I
L
L
M
M
:
:
a. Type of camerab. Type of film
c. Adjust the aperture
d. Adjust the development
-
7/26/2019 34U Multi Choice Update
12/28
2000 - 2004
:
S
I
L :
2
2
2
2
S
S
C
C
A
A
T
T
T
T
E
E
R
R
I
I
S
S
C
C
A
A
U
U
S
S
E
E
D
D
B
B
Y
Y
:
:
a. Light reflection on particles in the water
b. Light exciting the molecules
c. The ASA of the film
d. Moving the camera
2
2
3
3
W
W
H
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
L
L
E
E
N
N
S
S
C
C
A
A
N
N
B
B
E
E
U
U
S
S
E
E
D
D
F
F
O
O
R
R
B
B
O
O
T
T
H
H
U
U
N
N
D
D
E
E
R
R
W
W
A
A
T
T
E
E
R
R
O
O
R
R
S
S
U
U
R
R
F
F
A
A
C
C
E
E
U
U
S
S
E
E
:
:
a. 35 - 70 mm
b. 16 - 35 mm
c. 35 - 125 mm
d. 28 - 35 mm
2
2
4
4
D
D
O
O
E
E
S L
L
I
I
G
G
H
H
T
T
R
R
E
E
F
F
L
L
E
E
C
C
T
T
S
S
T
T
H
H
R
R
O
O
U
U
G
G
H
H
W
W
A
A
T
T
E
E
R
R
:
:
a. Towards the object
b. Away from the object
c. Does not change
d. Fom the object
2
2
5
5
I
I
S
S
T
T
H
H
E
E
S
S
P
P
E
E
E
E
D
D
O
O
F
F
6
6
4
4
A
A
S
S
A
A
F
F
I
I
L
L
M
M
:
:
a. Twice as much as 200 ASAb. Once as much as 200 ASA
c. Once less than 200 ASA
d. Four times less than 200 ASA
2
2
6
6
2
2
0
0
0
0
A
A
S
S
A
A
F
F
I
I
L
L
M
M
I
I
S
S
:
:
a. Twice as sensitive as 50 ASA film
b. Has larger grains than 50 ASA film
c. Has smaller grains than 50 ASA film
d. Half as sensitive as 50 ASA film
2
2
7
7
A
A
S
S
S
S
U
U
N
N
L
L
I
I
G
G
H
H
T
T
E
E
N
N
T
T
E
E
R
R
S
S
T
T
H
H
E
E
W
W
A
A
T
T
E
E
R
R
I
I
T
T
:
:
a. Refracts towards the normal
b. Refracts away from the normal
c. Carries straight on its original pathd. Is all reflected
2
2
8
8
H
H
O
O
W
W
I
I
S
S
S
S
I
I
Z
Z
E
E
O
O
F
F
3
3
5
5
M
M
M
M
F
F
I
I
LM
M
M
M
E
E
A
A
S
S
U
U
R
R
E
E
D
D
:
a. Diagonally
b. Width of film
c. Size of aperture
d. Number of exposures
-
7/26/2019 34U Multi Choice Update
13/28
2000 - 2004
R
O
A
R E
P
C
C
o
o
n
n
c
c
r
r
e
e
t
t
e
e
1
1
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
I
I
S
S
C
C
O
O
N
N
C
C
R
R
E
E
T
T
E
E
A
A
M
M
I
I
X
X
T
T
U
U
R
R
E
E
O
O
F
F
:
:
a. Cement - water - additives
b. Cement - sand - water
c. Cement - gravel - sand - water - additives
d. Cement - sand - additives
2
2
V
V
E
E
R
R
T
T
I
I
C
C
A
A
L
L
L
L
I
I
N
N
E
E
S
S
O
O
N
N
T
T
H
H
E
E
F
F
A
A
C
C
E
E
O
O
F
F
A
A
C
C
O
O
N
N
C
C
R
R
E
E
T
T
E
E
S
S
T
T
R
R
U
U
C
C
T
T
U
U
R
R
E
E
W
W
O
O
U
U
L
L
D
D
I
I
N
N
D
D
I
I
C
C
A
A
T
T
E
E
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
:
:
a. Pre-stressing
b. Slip-forming
c. Shuttering
d. Cable tracks
3
3
C
C
O
O
N
N
C
C
RE
E
T
T
E
E
C
C
O
O
R
R
R
R
O
O
S
S
I
I
O
O
N
N
R
R
E
E
F
F
E
E
R
R
S
S
T
T
O
O
:
:
a. The disintegration of the concrete matrix
b. The erosion of the corner edges
c. The corrosion of the rebar through loss of cover
d. Loss of cover
4
4
S
S
T
T
E
E
E
E
L
L
R
R
E
E
I
I
N
N
F
F
O
O
R
R
C
C
E
E
M
M
E
E
N
N
T
T
M
M
U
U
S
S
T
T
H
H
A
A
V
V
E
E
A
A
D
D
E
E
Q
Q
U
U
A
A
T
T
E
E
C
C
OV
V
E
E
R
R
:
:
a. To protect from seawater penetration
b. To protect from accidental damage
c. To protect from spalling
d. All of the above
5
5
A
A
W
W
I
I
D
D
E
E
C
C
R
R
A
A
C
C
K
K
I
I
S
S
A
A
C
C
R
R
A
A
C
C
K
K
W
W
I
I
T
T
H
H
A
A
W
W
I
I
D
D
T
T
H
H
O
O
F
F
:
:
a. 0 - 1 mm
b. 1 - 2 mm
c. More than 2 mm
d. Less than 2 mm
66 SS
AA LL TT SSAA PPPP EEAA RR IINNGG OONNTT HHEESSUU RRFF AA CCEEOO FFCC OONNCCRR EETT EEHHAA VVIINN GG BB EEEENNWWAASSHHEEDDOOUU TTFFRR OO MMAA CCRR AA CC KKAA RR EECCAALLLLEEDD
::
a. Exudation
b. Incrustation
c. Spalling
d. Carbonation
7
7
I
I
F
F
C
C
O
O
N
N
C
C
R
R
E
E
T
T
E
E
I
I
S
S
P
P
O
O
U
U
R
R
E
E
D
D
F
F
R
R
O
O
M
M
H
H
E
E
I
I
G
G
H
H
T
T
S
S
G
G
R
R
E
E
AT
T
E
E
R
R
T
T
H
H
A
A
N
N
2
2
M
M
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
I
I
S
S
L
L
I
I
K
K
E
E
L
L
Y
Y
T
T
O
O
O
O
C
C
C
C
U
U
R
R
:
:
a. Slipforming
b. Deterioration
c. Honeycombing
d. Jointing
8
8
W
W
H
H
A
A
T
T
I
I
S
S
T
T
H
H
E
E
G
G
R
R
I
I
T
T
T
T
Y
Y
J
J
O
O
I
I
N
N
T
T
F
F
O
O
R
R
M
M
E
E
D
D
B
B
Y
Y
I
I
N
N
S
S
U
U
F
F
F
F
I
I
C
C
I
I
E
E
N
N
T
T
S
S
U
U
R
R
F
F
A
A
C
C
E
E
W
W
E
E
T
T
T
T
I
I
N
N
G
G
I
I
N
N
H
H
O
O
T
T
C
C
O
O
N
N
D
D
I
I
T
T
I
I
O
O
N
N
S
S
:
:
a. A cold joint
b. A dry jointc. A panel joint
d. A construction joint
9
9
W
W
H
H
I
I
C
C
H
H
O
O
F
F
T
T
H
H
E
E
F
F
O
O
L
L
L
L
O
O
W
W
I
I
N
N
G
G
I
I
S
S
N
N
O
O
T
T
L
L
I
I
K
K
E
E
L
L
Y
Y
T
T
O
O
C
C
A
A
U
U
S
S
E
E
D
D
I
I
S
S
C
C
O
O
L
L
O
O
U
U
R
R
A
A
T
T
I
I
O
O
N
N
:
:
a. Additives
b. Steam curing
c. Sust
d. Mould oil
1
1
0
0
C
C
