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3.3 DNA Structure3.3.1 – 3.3.5
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Concept 5.5: Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary
information
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a gene
Genes are made of DNA, a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides
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The Roles of Nucleic Acids
There are two types of nucleic acids Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
DNA provides directions for its own replication
DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis
Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes
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Figure 5.25-1
Synthesis ofmRNA
mRNA
DNA
NUCLEUSCYTOPLASM
1
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Figure 5.25-2
Synthesis ofmRNA
mRNA
DNA
NUCLEUSCYTOPLASM
mRNAMovement ofmRNA intocytoplasm
1
2
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Figure 5.25-3
Synthesis ofmRNA
mRNA
DNA
NUCLEUSCYTOPLASM
mRNA
Ribosome
AminoacidsPolypeptide
Movement ofmRNA intocytoplasm
Synthesisof protein
1
2
3
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The Components of Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are polymers called polynucleotides
Each polynucleotide is made of monomers called nucleotides
Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups
The portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group is called a nucleoside
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Figure 5.26
Sugar-phosphate backbone5 end
5C
3C
5C
3C
3 end
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
(b) Nucleotide
Phosphategroup Sugar
(pentose)
Nucleoside
Nitrogenousbase
5C
3C
1C
Nitrogenous bases
Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA) Uracil (U, in RNA)
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
Sugars
Deoxyribose (in DNA) Ribose (in RNA)
(c) Nucleoside components
Pyrimidines
Purines
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Figure 5.26ab
Sugar-phosphate backbone5 end
5C
3C
5C
3C
3 end
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
(b) Nucleotide
Phosphategroup Sugar
(pentose)
Nucleoside
Nitrogenousbase
5C
3C
1C
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3.3.1 Outline DNA nucleotide structure.
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3.3.2 State the names of the four bases in DNA
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Nucleoside = nitrogenous base + sugar There are two families of nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) have a single six-membered ring
Purines (adenine and guanine) have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
In DNA, the sugar is deoxyribose; in RNA, the sugar is ribose
Nucleotide = nucleoside + phosphate group
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Figure 5.26c
Nitrogenous bases
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T, in DNA)
Uracil (U, in RNA)
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
Sugars
Deoxyribose (in DNA)
Ribose (in RNA)
(c) Nucleoside components
Pyrimidines
Purines
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Nucleotide Polymers
Nucleotide polymers are linked together to build a polynucleotide
Adjacent nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds that form between the —OH group on the 3 carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5 carbon on the next
These links create a backbone of sugar-phosphate units with nitrogenous bases as appendages
The sequence of bases along a DNA or mRNA polymer is unique for each gene
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The Structures of DNA and RNA Molecules
RNA molecules usually exist as single polypeptide chains
DNA molecules have two polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis, forming a double helix
In the DNA double helix, the two backbones run in opposite 5→ 3 directions from each other, an arrangement referred to as antiparallel
One DNA molecule includes many genes
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3.3.3 Outline how DNA nucleotides are linked together by covalent bonds into a single
strand
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The nitrogenous bases in DNA pair up and form hydrogen bonds: adenine (A) always with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always with cytosine (C)
Called complementary base pairing Complementary pairing can also occur
between two RNA molecules or between parts of the same molecule
In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil (U) so A and U pair
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Figure 5.27
Sugar-phosphatebackbones
Hydrogen bonds
Base pair joinedby hydrogen bonding
Base pair joinedby hydrogen
bonding
(b) Transfer RNA(a) DNA
5 3
53
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Chargoff’s Rule
3.3.4 Explain how DNA double Helix is formed using
complementary bases pairing and hydrogen bonding
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3.3.5 Draw and label a simple diagram of the molecular structure of DNA
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DNA and Proteins as Tape Measures of Evolution
The linear sequences of nucleotides in DNA molecules are passed from parents to offspring
Two closely related species are more similar in DNA than are more distantly related species
Molecular biology can be used to assess evolutionary kinship
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The Theme of Emergent Properties in the Chemistry of Life: A Review
Higher levels of organization result in the emergence of new properties
Organization is the key to the chemistry of life
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Figure 5.UN02
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Figure 5.UN02a
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Figure 5.UN02b