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SOLAR ENERGY &
ITS APPLICATIONS By
D . Srinivas
M . Tech (ES)
11011D1013
1
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INTRODUCTION
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• Solar energy is in the form of the light and heat.
• About 30% of total energy received by the earth is reflected back
towards the space. Remaining energy is absorbed by the clouds, oceans and land masses.
• The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is sovast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained
from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural
gas, and mined uranium combined.
•Solar energy is the primary energy source among all of the
renewable source like wave energy, hydro-electricity, wind energy,
biomass etc.
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CLASSIFICATION OF SOLAR ENERGY
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Solar energy
Active solar energy
• Itinclude the use of
photovoltaic panels and solar
thermal collectors to harness the
energy.
Passive solar energy
• It include orienting a
building to the Sun,
selecting materials with
favorable thermal mass or
light dispersing properties,and designing spaces that
naturally circulate air.
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SOLAR THERMAL
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SOLAR WATER HEATER
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• Solar water heater uses solar
collector panel to transfer the heatenergy of sun light to the water.
• The unit uses convection (movement
of hot water upward) to move the
water from collector to tank. Neitherpumps nor electricity are used to
enforce circulation.
• Material uses into the fabrication of
tank is insulator for heat so heat of thehot water can not transfer to the
surrounding enviornment and hence
water can be keep hot for long time.
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SOLAR WATER DISINFECTION
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• Solar water disinfection, also known as
SODIS is a method of disinfecting waterusing only sunlight and plastic PET
(PolyEthylene Terephthalate) bottles.
• SODIS is a free and effective method for
decentralized water treatment, usuallyapplied at the household level and is
recommended by the World Health
Organization (WHO) as a viable method for
it.
• UV-A rays from the sun destroys cell
structures of bacteria.
• UV-A reacts with oxygen dissolved in the
water and produces highly reactive forms
of oxygen that are believed to also damage
pathogens.
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SOLAR COOKER
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• Principle : Sunlight is converted to heat
energy that is use for cooking purpose. Thisis done as follows:
─ Concentrating sunlight. ─ Converting light to heat. ─ Trapping heat ─
Plastic Sheet
1. Box cooker 2. Panel cooker 3. Parabolic dish
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SOLAR POWER
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PHOTOVOLTAIC
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• Principle : Some materials release
electrons when hit with rays of light,which produces an electrical current.
• This effect was discovered by
Alexander-Edmond Becquerel. The
first solar cell was constructed byCharles Fritts in the 1880.
• There are at least fourteen types of
photovoltaic cells, such as thin film,
mono crystalline silicon,
polycrystalline silicon, and
amorphous cells, as well as multiple
types of concentrating solar power.
• Efficiency is about 4.5% - 6% for
silicon type of photovoltaic cells.
Fig : Unit solar cell
Fig : 11 MW Serpa solar
power plant in Portugal
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CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS
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•
Concentrated solar power systems are divided into :
concentrated solar thermal (CST)
concentrated photovoltaic (CPV)
concentrating photovoltaic and thermal (CPT)
• Principle : Concentrate the sunlight at particular point to convert
that energy into another form of energy.
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CONCENTRATED SOLAR THERMAL (CST)
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•Concentrated solar thermal (CST) is used
to produce renewable heat.
• CST systems use parabolic lenses or
mirrors and tracking systems to focus a
large area of sunlight onto a small area.
• Each concentration method is capable
of producing high temperatures and
correspondingly high thermodynamic
efficiencies
•They vary in the way that they track the
Sun and focus light.
• Solar thermal is more efficient method
to produce heat.
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CONCENTRATED SOLAR THERMAL (CST)
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Fig : Using Flat mirror reflector. (Courtesy of www.visualdictionaryonline.com)
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CONCENTRATED SOLAR THERMAL (CST)
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Fig : Using parabolic reflector. (Courtesy of www.visualdictionaryonline.com)
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CONCENTRATED SOLAR THERMAL (CST)
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Fig : Combination of previous both method
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CONCENTRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC (CPV)
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• Concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems employ sunlight
concentrated onto photovoltaic surfaces for the purpose of electricalpower production.
• Concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems classified as follows:
Low concentration CPV (concentration of 2-100 suns)
Medium concentration CPV (concentration of 100-300 suns)
High concentration (concentration of 300 or more suns)
• Concentration method using solar collector is cheaper then solarcell,as solar cell is costlier than solar collector.
• Electricity cost for solar collector is about Rs.138/watt.
•Electricity cost for solar cell is about Rs.138-235/watt.
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SOLAR CHIMNEY POWER PLANT
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• Principle : It uses the principle of
solar energy & wind energy both. Italso use the principle of green
house effect.
• It has a high chimney. (Height
around 1000 meter.)
• This is surrounded by a large
collector roof made from glass or
resistive plastic supported on a
framework.(Diameter in order of
130 meter.)
• In the center of the chimney there
is a wind turbine, which generate
electricity using wind velocity which
is due to the solar Energy.
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VENT CHIMNEY
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GREEN HOUSE & AGRICULTURE
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• Agriculture seek to optimize the
capture of solar energy in order tooptimize the productivity of plants.
• Greenhouses convert solar light to
heat, enabling year-round production
and the growth (in enclosedenvironments) of specialty crops and
other plants not naturally suited to the
local climate.
Fig : courtesy of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
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REFERENCES
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• www.daviddarling.info/images/solar_chimney_po
• http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg
• www.sxlist.com/techref/other/solar/chimpower.htm
• http://www.solarcookers.org/basics/how.html
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