Download - 30 Slides 0 3 MWZander
Dr. Manfred Renz, Manfred Engelhard
M+W Zander, Strasbourg, France September 14 2006
The New Generation Kalina Cycle
Contribution to the conference
“Electricity Generation from Enhanced Geothermal Systems”
© M+W ZanderThe New Gen Kalina Cycle at ENGINE MWZ- Eng. 14.09.06 2
M+W Zander Markts and Services
Facility Engineering
Electronics
Photovoltaics
Energy Solutions
Technical Facility Services
Pharma / Biotech / Chemical Industry
Automation
Security Systems
Facility Management
IT-Services
© M+W ZanderThe New Gen Kalina Cycle at ENGINE MWZ- Eng. 14.09.06 3
Scope of Services
Consulting Design Construction Operation
Consulting Services,
Evaluation,
Programming
� Site Selection Services
� Feasibility Studies� Architectural / Engineering
Programming� Economic Analysis� Financial Engineering� Process Development
and Simulation
� Design Concepts
Construction
Management
and Build
� Project Management
� Time Scheduling� Cost Control� General Contracting� Tendering� Manufacturing� Procurement
� Construction� Commissioning
� Single SourceResponsibility
� Fast Track Execution
Facility Management,
Operation,
Maintenance
� Global Facility
Management
� Real Estate Managementand Operation
� Maintenance ofTechnical Building Systems
� Energy and ConsumptionManagement
� Infrastructure Services� Commercial Services� Facility Evaluation� Security Services
Planning
and Design
� Facility Planning
� Preliminary Design� Value Engineering� Conceptual, Basic,
Detail and Final Design
� Facility Systems Integration� Permits and Environmental
Compliance� Cost Optimization
© M+W ZanderThe New Gen Kalina Cycle at ENGINE MWZ- Eng. 14.09.06 4
Locations Worldwide
© M+W ZanderThe New Gen Kalina Cycle at ENGINE MWZ- Eng. 14.09.06 5
Energy Solutions as Turnkey Supplier
1000 MW
� Siemens
� Alstom
� MHI
� Hitachi
� Bechtel
� SNC Lavalin
� …
1.000 Megawatts100 MW10 MW1 MW0,1 MW
Domestic
Energy Systems
� Viessmann
� Vaillant
� Bosch-Buderus
� Hitachi
� …
Kalina-Cycle applications
SolarthermalPower Plants
District-Heating/Cooling
Geothermal Power Plants
Biomass Power Plants
Photovoltaic Power Plants
Gas fired Power Stations
Heat Pumps
Waste Heat Recovery
Trigeneration
CHP (Combined Heat + Power) Large-Scale
Power Plants
Decentralized Energy Systems
Cogeneration and Renewable Energies
© M+W ZanderThe New Gen Kalina Cycle at ENGINE MWZ- Eng. 14.09.06 6
Geothermal Power Plants: Full System Contractor
Consulting ServicesProgramming� System Specification
� Environmental Permitting� Financial Engineering
Design� Design Development� Design Reviews
Kalina Cycle� Thermodynamic Calculations� Heat Exchanger interior Design
� Turbine Specification� Ammonia-Water Characteristics
Project Management
� Scheduling� Cost Control� Quality Control � Web Based Project
Collaboration
Commissioning and Ramp Up� Test and Certifications
� Putting into service� Facility Management
Training and Support
Construction� Construction Management� Material Logistics� Installation Services
� Field Engineering
Building and Facilities� Civil, Structural
and Architecture� Mechanical Systems
(air, exhaust)� Electrical Systems� Instrumentation
and Controls
Supply Systems� N2 Supply Plant
� Water Treatment System
Operation
� In Line Process Monitoring� Advanced Process Control� Web Based Visualization
© M+W ZanderThe New Gen Kalina Cycle at ENGINE MWZ- Eng. 14.09.06 7
Rankine Cycle Overview
Rankine Cycles
Single Fluid Mixtures
100 °C ORC
(Propane, R290)System Geothermal
New Gen. SG 2, SG 4 …
125 °C ORC
(RC318)
150 °C ORC
(i-Butane)
175 °C ORC
(n-Butan)
Kalina Cycle System
KCS 11, KCS 34 …
Water ORC Kalina Cycles
….
….
© M+W ZanderThe New Gen Kalina Cycle at ENGINE MWZ- Eng. 14.09.06 8
ORC – Kalina Cycle
KCS 34
Pre
heate
r
Boile
r
Pre
heate
rB
oile
r
Superh
eate
r
NH3/H2OStrong Solution
WeakSolution
Recuperator
Kalina Cycle compared to ORC
� Single organic working fluid
replaced by NH3/H2O
� Closed loop of liquid
working fluid (strong resp.
weak solution)
� Separation of steam and
liquid
Superheating possible but
normally not considered in
KCS34
� Condensation (absorption)
of vapor at low pressure
level in 2 steps
� A substantial part of
absorption energy may be
recuperated to the cycle in
HE 2
© M+W ZanderThe New Gen Kalina Cycle at ENGINE MWZ- Eng. 14.09.06 9
Characteristics of ORC and Kalina Cycles
Tem
pera
ture
Entropy
Organic Substances must be selectedin accordance to the heat source
temperature level (Tcr < Tin Brine)
Evaporation / Desorption Process
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Cycle Caracteristics
� ORC (Single Componant Working Fluid)
� Evaporation and condensation at fixed temperatures
� Fluid must be selected in accordance to the temperature level of the heat source
� Pinch point is limiting factor for heat transfer
� Environmental impacts and restrictions by using organic substances
� Inflamable and/or toxic and/or GWP (Global Warming Potential) and/or ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential)
� Kalina Cycle (Mixture of Ammonia/Water)
� Evaporation (desorption) and condensation (absorption) over a large temperature range (fits to the nature of the heat source)
� Same working fluid may cover a wide range of the heat source temperature levels ⇒ Optimization by switching concentration
� Ammonia has toxic potential but:
� Easy to detect at save concentration levels
� A lot of experiences in handling the substance and operating ammonia cycles (mechanical and absorption chillers)
� No GWP and ODP
© M+W ZanderThe New Gen Kalina Cycle at ENGINE MWZ- Eng. 14.09.06 11
Kalina Cycles KSC 34 and SG 2a
KCS 34SG 2a
SG2a compared to KSC 34
� Evaporator is splitted in
preheater HE 4 and Boiler HE 5
� The working fluid is separated into 2
substreams, preheated in
HE 3, HE 4
� Evaporator HE 5 is supplied additionally by an internal
cycle, collecting working
fluid from separators
operating at intermediate
and low pressure levels
Pre
heate
r
Boile
r
© M+W ZanderThe New Gen Kalina Cycle at ENGINE MWZ- Eng. 14.09.06 12
Kalina SG 2a Cycle
� Increased efficiency, especially at low heat source temperatures(≤ 150°C)
� Improved adaptability to brine output temperature restrictions(scaling effects)
� Lower electricity generation loss in case of temperature restrictions
� Enhanced economic and technical viability for the utilization of low temperature geothermal sources
� Additional geothermal energy usage for heating purposes may be performed (e.g. during winter time) at less electrical power losses
© M+W ZanderThe New Gen Kalina Cycle at ENGINE MWZ- Eng. 14.09.06 13
Cycle Net Electrical Output Comparison
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
Brine Inlet Temperature (°C)
Sp
ec.
Net
Ele
ctri
cal O
utp
ut
(W
h/k
g B
rin
e)
SG-2a
SG-2d
KCS-11
KCS-34
SG-4d
ORC Double Pressure
ORC Single Pressure
Typical temperatures for geothermal
application
Source: Dr. Alexander Kalina
© M+W ZanderThe New Gen Kalina Cycle at ENGINE MWZ- Eng. 14.09.06 14
Cycle Net Electrical Output Comparison
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
120 125 130 135 140 145 150
Brine Inlet Temperature (°C)
Sp
ec.
Ne
t E
lect
rica
l O
utp
ut
(Wh
/kg
Bri
ne
)
SG-2a
KCS-11
KCS-34
ORC Double Pressure
ORC Single Pressure
Source: Dr. Alexander Kalina
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Kalina Cycles SG 2a and SG 2d
SG2d compared to SG2a
� Working fluid is totally evaporated and slightly
superheated in HE 6
� No intermediate pressure level
� SG 2a best performances
at temperatures ≤ 150°C
� SG 2d best performances
at temperatures ≥ 150°C
� SG2d shall be used for
high temperature
applications
SG2aSG2d
© M+W ZanderThe New Gen Kalina Cycle at ENGINE MWZ- Eng. 14.09.06 16
Cycle Net Electrical Output Comparison
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
125°C 150°C
Brine Supply Temperature
Ele
ctri
cal
Ou
tpu
t in
%
SG-2a SG-2d KCS-11
KCS-34 ORC Double Pressure ORC Single Pressure
Source: Dr. Alexander Kalina
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Geothermal Power Plant - Cash Flow Comparison of different cycles
-5.000.000
-4.000.000
-3.000.000
-2.000.000
-1.000.000
0
1.000.000
2.000.000
3.000.000
4.000.000
5.000.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Year
Op
era
tio
na
l D
isco
un
ted
Ne
t R
eve
nu
e i
n E
uro
/a
-30.000.000
-25.000.000
-20.000.000
-15.000.000
-10.000.000
-5.000.000
0
5.000.000
10.000.000
15.000.000
20.000.000
25.000.000
30.000.000
Acc
um
ula
ted
Dis
cou
nte
d N
et
Re
ven
ue i
n E
uro
SG-2a
KCS 34
ORC
SG-2a Accumulated
KCS 34 Accumulated
ORC Accumulated
Thermal water temperature 125°C
Thermal water flow rate 150 kg/s
Wet cooling tower
Financing interest 6%
Cycle Net Electrical Output Comparison
Cost increase (N2, water, staff, el. power purchase) 2 % p a
ORC appr. 14,5
years
Kalina KSC 34
appr. 12,5 years
Kalina SG 2a
appr. 10,5 years
© M+W ZanderThe New Gen Kalina Cycle at ENGINE MWZ- Eng. 14.09.06 18
Conclusion
� Ammonia water mixture has no GWP and ODP
� New Generation Kalina Cycle SG2a is very flexible concerning project factors (heat source and heat sink adaptation)
� SG2a has the best performance at heat source temperatures ≤ 150°C
� More sellable electrical energy
� SG2a causes higher invest costs but:
⇒ Higher revenue⇒ Shorter payback period⇒ Highest possible economics of a geothermal project