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24th ICOLD Congress 2 to 8 June 2012 ~ Kyoto, Japan
Norihisa Matsumoto
Japan Commission on Large Dams
【JWA】
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The increase of dams higher than 15 m after 1900 Dams constructeed in Japan ( Dam Height over 15m)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1900
-191
0
-192
0
-193
0
-194
0
-195
0
-196
0
-197
0
-198
0
-199
0
-200
0
-200
9
Nu
mb
er
of
da
ms
Municipal water
Flood control
Multipurpose
Hydropower
Irrigation
Excluding 672 dams constructed before 1900, mainly irrigation use.
【JCOLD】
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281
985
4352
1043
Earthfill Rockfill
Coccrete Gravity Concrete Arch
Others
Type of dams in Japan
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Sayama-ike Dam 2003
【Osaka Pref.】
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2001 Rehabilitation
④-2. 1452
③. 1608
⑥. 731 ⑦. 616 ⑧-1. 734(Earthquake)
④-1. 1202
⑧-2. 1596(Earthquake)
⑤. 762
①. 1926~1931
1962~1964
②. 1620~1621
1693~1694
1857~1859
History of Modification of Sayamaike Dam
【Osaka Pref.】
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Po
pu
lati
on
Cu
ltiv
ate
d a
rea
Ac
tiv
e s
tora
ge
ca
pa
cit
y
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
5,000
A.D.
Population
Cultivated area
Active storage capacity
0
≈(million m
3)(million ha)(million)
Water has sustained population
【MAFF】
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VITRTUAL WATER
80 billion m3 water imported (2005)
Increase Food
Self-sufficiency Efficient Water
Management
108m3
Food and water
【 MOE 】
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Utilized for
- Spinning
- Lighting
- Textile
- Street cars
1st Stage
60kW ‐200kW
19 units
Total 1760kW
Commissioned since
1891 by Kyoto City
Keage Hydroelectric Power Station
1895
The first hydropower station in Japan
A Element of Lake Biwa Canal Project
【Kyoto City & KEPCO】
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Development of hydropower in Japan
【ANRE】
0
20
40
60
1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
Insta
lled c
ap
acity G
W
Pumped storage
Pumped Storage
Total
Conventional
Run-of-riverReservoir hydro
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Hydropower Thermal Nuclear Others Total
Source of electricity energy in Japan
(GWh/y)
【ANRE】
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0
50
100
150
200
250
1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Wa
ter
se
rvic
e c
ov
era
ge
(%)
Infectious disease patients
Water
service
coverage
A.D.
Infant mortality rate
Infe
cti
ou
s d
ise
as
e p
ati
en
ts(1
03 p
ers
on
)
Infa
nt
mo
rta
lity
ra
te(%
)
20
15
10
5
0
25
Public supply water reduced infant mortality rate
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Takizawa Dam
Shimokubo Dam
Yagisawa Dam Naramata Dam
Kusaki Dam
Murayama-Shimo
Reservoir
Ozaku Ogochi Dam
Sagami River
Tama River
Ara River
Tone River
Urayama Dam
Yanba Dam
Purification plant
Channel
Intake Weir
Dam
Dams support Tokyo's water works
【Tokyo Pref.】
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Po
pu
lati
on
Wate
r re
so
urc
es
(10 4 m
3 /day)
Dams constructed in the Tone river
Aveage discharge of Tama river
Water resources
Population
(million person)
Dams constructed in the Tone river
Dams support Tokyo's population
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The ruling party was changed in the 2009 general
election. The new policy for flood control is that
“depends as little as possible on dams”.
The Ministry established “The future flood
management advisory board” in December, 2009.
It released the interim report in September, 2010.
Evaluate ongoing projects based on “cost,
environment, feasibility and others.”
The change of ruling party in 2009
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Jurisdiction Total examined continue discontinue
Central
government 25 3 1 2
Japan Water
Agency 5 0 0 0
Local
governments 53 21 16 5
Total 83 24 17 7
As of May 31, 2012
Evaluation of on going dam projects
【MLIT】
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Movement of survey points due to faulting
【 GSI 】
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Inspection of dams after the main shock
inspected
suffered unusual
behavior* or
damage (failure)
Central Gov. 46 11
Local Gov. 104 8
Central Gov. 51 4
Local Gov. 121 23(1**)
391 48(1)
69 2
Total
*unusaul behavior: small increase of leakage & uplift, nominal settlement and others
** a failured dam was on a non-regulated river
Jurisdiction Owner
Number of dams
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries
Ministry of Economy, Trade and
IndustryUtilities
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Breached reservoir photoed 14 March, 2011
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Chernobyl Fukushima
• No acute radiation diseases in Fukushima
• Latent health consequences limited due to timely evacuation
• Partial durable land loss in evacuation zones and beyond (partial
resettlement possible and planned)
• Contaminated food has to be withdrawn from circulation
Main specifics of severe nuclear accidents
Dose rates 1 month after accident
ENSI, CH
Prof. Prasser,
Chernobyl and Fukushima
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In February 2011, 54 units were operating.
In June 2012, 4 units were decommissioned and the rest of all 50 are not operating
under inspection
Locations of nuclear power stations in Japan
【FEPC】
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Source of Electricity Generation
0
20
40
60
80
100
Mar-10 Jun-10 Sep-10 Dec-10 Mar-11 Jun-11 Sep-11 Dec-11
Month-Year
GW
h ×
10
3
Hydro
Thermal
Nuclear
Wind
Photovoltaic
Geothermal
Total
Tohoku Earthquake
Source of Electricity Generation
【ANRE】
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0:0
0
2:0
0
4:0
0
6:0
0
8:0
0
10:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
20:0
0
22:0
0
0:0
0
2:0
0
4:0
0
6:0
0
8:0
0
10:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
20:0
0
22:0
0
Before the earthquake After the earthquake
Pumped storage Reservoir hydro
purchased
Thermal
Nuclear Run-of-river hydro
Pumped storage Reservoir hydro
purchased
Thermal
Nuclear Run-of-river hydro
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00
Load curves for one sample day
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People have begun to see hydropower in a new light.
It is domestic, renewable, clean and reliable electricity.
Adding new hydropower capability to existing dams,
improving efficiencies at generating dams.
Building small scale hydropower.
Government policy and promotional measures play a key
role in sustainable hydropower development.
Hydropower after the earthquake
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Rainfall (mm) Deaths Number of
Flooded houses
July Heavy Rain 600 4 1,057
Typhoon No. 12 1,161 78 5,657
Typhoon No. 15 1,035 17 1,801
Flood disaster in 2011 in Japan
【MLIT】
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Outflow
Inflow
Reservoir Water Surface
7/27 7/28 7/307/29
Inflow
・ O
utf
low
(m
3/s
)
Reserv
oir
Wate
r S
urf
ace (
m)
rain
(m
m/h
r) 0
25
50
75
0
250
500
750
1000
125015:0
0
20:0
0
01:0
0
06:0
0
11:0
0
16:0
0
21:0
0
02:0
0
07:0
0
12:0
0
17:0
0
22:0
0
03:0
0
08:0
0
13:0
0
18:0
0
23:0
0
830
840
850
860
470
472
474
476
478
480
482
484
Ele
vation(m
)
ダムがなかった場合の最高水位(推測値):480.57m
換算水位:474.67m Actual water level
Water level without Dam
5.9 m
Yagisawa Dam stored flooding water
【MLIT】
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• Effective use of existing reservoirs
• rehabilitation (aging, earthquake, flood)
• water quality
• sedimentation
• fishway
• climate change
• flood security
Our challenges
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Sediment bypass tunnel
Dredging
Sediment check dam
Diversion weir Afforestation
Sediment supply
(augmentation)
Excavating
Trucking
Sediment Routing
Reducing Sediment
Inflow
Sediment Removal
Density current venting
Sediment scoring gate
Reservoir sediment management measures in Japan
【Prof. Sumi】
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Miwa Dam bypasses wash Load during flood
Outlet
Trap wier
Diversion wier
By pass tunnel
【MLIT】
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Placing sediment
Transport
Reservoir
Dam
Check dam
Excavation of
sediment
Placing sediment
Transport
Reservoir
Dam
Check dam
Excavation of
sediment
Placing excavated sediments downstream
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Tobetsu Dam during the first filling March 2012
【Hokkaido Pref.】
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Flood season
Surcharge water
surface
flood control
capacity
El. 115.6m
Inactive
capacity
El. 131.4m
Flood season
Surcharge water
surface
flood control
capacity
El. 115.6m
Inactive
capacity
El. 131.4m
excavation
new conduits
Stilling basin existing stilling basin
new penstock
increase capacity for flood control 75×106m3 98×106m3
Increasing flood control capacity at Tsuruta Dam
【 MLIT 】
Flood season
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587m
33m
Murayama-Kami Res. Yamaguchi Res.
Murayama-Shimo Res. 12milion m3
The downstream area is densely populated
【Tokyo Pref.】
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●Install drainage layers
●Construct a counter-weight fill
●Reinforce the steep slope with polymer geogrid
●Cover the crest with a cement-stabilized soil layer
After Reinforcement
Shell Shell
Core
Cement-stabilized soil
Counter- weight fill
Geogrid
10.0
15.0
drain
Strengthening to resist earthquakes
【Tokyo Pref.】
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Upper Pond
Outlet
Pacific Ocean
Sea water Pumped Storage Power Station J-Power
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China (11dams)
Republic of Korea (9dams)
Taiwan (3dams)
Philippines (1dam)
Malaysia (17dams)
Lao (4dams)
Colombia (1dam)
Costa Rica (1dam)
Panama (1dam)
Viet Nam (4dams)
Indonesia (18dams)
Thailand (7dams)
Iran (2dams)
India (2dams)
Turkey (4dams)
Sri Lanka (3dams)
Nepal (1dam)
Bangladesh (1dam)
Algeria (2dams)
Madagascar (1dams)
Kenya (2dams) Brunei
Darussalam (1dam)
Canada (1dam)
Oversea projects Japanese engineers participated in
Ecuador
Peru
USA
Myanmar
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Decline in population
Self sufficiency of food
Clean domestic energy
Safety
Global climate change
Use dams and reservoirs wisely
Future of dams and water in Japan