2.3 Carbon Compounds-Carbon
and Carbos
Organic Chemistry
•Study of carbon and the bonds that form between them
Carbon can bond to 4 e-
• Total of 6 electrons
• 4e- in outer shell
Hydrocarbons
•Contain hydrogen and carbon
METHANE
• One carbon
Carbon Skeleton
• Carbon Chain
• Here with 6 carbons (hexane)
Can be branched
• Like here with isooctane
• (8 carbons)
Rings
• Cyclohexane
AspirinNote the ring
AspirinNote the ring
Isomersisos = "equal", méros = "part".
• Compounds with the same chemical composition but
different orientation
Contrast Caraway and Spearmint
Isomers
• Caraway and Spearmint
• Single bond (ethane)
• Double bond (ethene)
• Triple bond (ethyne)
Single, Double, Triple Bonds
4 most common elements of life
Carbon C
Hydrogen H
Oxygen O
Nitrogen N
4 Types of Macromolecules
•Proteins
•Nucleic Acids
•Carbohydrates
•Lipids
Macromoleculeor Polymer
• a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar subunits strung together
Polymer
• A large molecule (macromolecule) consisting of many smaller molecules (monomers) into chains
Monomers
• the subunits that serve as the building blocks
Polymerization
•Joining monomers to make a polymer
• LINK Animation of a Condensation Polymerization
Dehydration SynthesisA.K.A. polymerization
Dehydration Synthesis
• Start with small molecules (monomers), by removing water end with large molecules (polymers)
Dehydration Synthesis
• Monomers (small molecules) are linked together by a process that takes out a molecule of water to form a polymer (macromolecule).
Hydrolysis
• Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis in which bonds are broken by the addition of water
Hydrolysis
• Start with large molecules (polymer) add water and end with small molecules (monomer)
Carbohydrates are Made Of:
• C : H : O
1 : 2 : 1
C6H12O6 glucose
Carbohydrates
• “Sugars”
• Names for Carbohydrates
end in –ose• Monomers: monosaccharides
Carbohydrates
• Glucose (C6H1206) is the most common monosaccharide
• basic formula CH2O
KNOW: Glucose =
•C6H12O6
Monomer of Carbohydrates:Monosaccharides
• Simple sugar• -main use in body: fuel• EX: glucose - common galactose –milk sugar fructose – fruit sugar
Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides-single sugars –the monomer of carbos
• Disaccharides-double sugars
• Polysaccharides-many sugars
Monosaccharide
• CHO in ratio of 1:2:1
Disaccharides“double sugars”
double sugars with the formula C12H22O11
PolysaccharideChains of monosaccharides
EX: starch is made of many glucose molecules
Disaccharide Examples
• sucrose = glucose + fructose` common table sugar• maltose = glucose + glucose
–Beer sugar
• lactose = glucose + galactose.–Milk sugar
Polysaccharide: many sugars
Polysaccharides
• are macromolecules with a few to 1000 monosaccharides linked together
Polysaccharides
• Storage Polysaccharides: starch (from plants) and glycogen (from animals)
• Structural Polysaccharides: chitin (in fungi cell walls and in exoskeleton of arthropods) and cellulose (in plant cell walls)
STARCH
• Made of glucose molecules
• Stores sugar
Starch
•Foods found in: Potatoes, wheat, corn, rice
•Found in plant roots
Glycogen
• ANIMAL STORAGEMade of excess sugar
• Found in animal livers and muscle cells
• Foods: meats
Glycogen• Is the storage form of glucose in animals.
•Composed of thousands of glucose molecules.
Cellulose: plant cell walls stiffUs: good fiber
Glucose polymer
Chitin
• Onion Cell Walls are of cellulose
• exoskeleton of insects, crabs
Which is a monosaccharide?A disaccharide? A polysaccharide?
• cellulose• chitin• glucose• glycogen• sucrose• starch
Which is a monosaccharide?A disaccharide? A polysaccharide?
• Cellulose P• Chitin P• Glucose M• Glycogen M• Sucrose D• Starch P