Download - 2[1].1 (b) FORM 5
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• To label the bones, the skeletal muscle and tendons in a diagram of the arm;
• To explain how movement is brought about in a limb;
• To state the function of cartilage & synovial fluid at joints.
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• Movement is caused by the contraction of skeletal muscles which interact with the bones.
• Muscle cells contract in response to stimulation which carried by nerve impulses.
• Muscles are attached to bones by tendons near a joint.
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• Tendons consist of very strong inelastic, non-stretchable collagen fibres & appear as glistening silver-grey strands between the muscles & bones
• Function : to ensure that the force produced by the contraction of muscles is transmitted to the part of the body to be move.
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• A joint is formed where 2 or more bones come together held together at a joint by ligaments.
• Ligaments are tough & strong connective tissues, elastic & allow the movement of bones at a joint. Also important in preventing dislocation.
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TYPE OF JOINT
CHARACTERISTIC EXAMPLE FUNCTION
Immovable/ fixed(suture)
Bones held together by fibrous connective tissue. No movement between bones.
•Skull•Pelvic girdle
•Protects delicate tissues of brain & sense organs•Protect urogenital organs; support body
Partially movable
Cartilage bridges the joints. Movement is restricted.
•Vertebral column.
•Some degree of flexibility•Cartilage is a shock absorber, cushions joint & reduces friction
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TYPE OF JOINT
CHARACTERISTIC EXAMPLE FUNCTION
Movable/sinovial(i) Hinge
(ii) Ball-and-socket
•Ends of articulating bones are covered with cartilage. Joint enclosed by joint capsule. It is lined with a thin synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid.
•Knee, elbow, finger joints
•Shoulder, hip joint
•Movement in one plane
•Movement in all planes and some rotational movement
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TENDON LIGAMENT
similarities
made up of collagen fibreshold two types of tissues together
differences
Bone & muscle Bone & bone
No elastin tissues Elastin tissues present
Inelastic Elastic
COMPARISON BETWEEN TENDON & LIGAMENT
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MUSCLES
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• Action on muscles in bringing about movement
• Some muscles work together to bring about movement while other muscles work in opposition to one another
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Antagonistic Muscles• Muscles which work in opposition. Eg : biceps and triceps
• Muscles can contract and relax • Muscles can pull on the bones but cannot push
• Muscles which straighten limbs are called extensors
• Muscles which bend limbs are called flexors
• Extensor work antagonistically with flexor.
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ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES
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• All muscles have 2 primary proteins – Actin – MyosiN
• Actin and myosin are found in sarcomeres, the functional units of muscle contradiction
• Sacromeres consist of thick filaments (actin) which interact to bring about muscle contraction.
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• The source of energy for contradiction of muscles is ATP, which is produced in adjacent mitochondria in the muscles
• Movement of the body involves the coordination of opposing muscles which are attached to the bones across the joints
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• At the joint, the bones are allowed to move, in relation to each other, y the elastic ligaments.
• The Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid which serves as a lubricant to minimize the friction between two bones
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• The articulating surfaces of the bones are covered by flexible cartilage.
• Cartilage protects the joint and allows smooth movements.
• It also absorb shock when pressure is placed on the joint, for example when walking.
• W/out synovial fluid and cartilage, the bones will rub together.
• It can lead pain and swelling of joints
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