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111
Global Capital Markets
IPO Study 2019
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Principal Contacts
We hope you enjoy Proskauer’s 2019 IPO Study. Please feel free to contact any of the Global Capital Markets attorneys listed here with any questions on this report.
Daniel L. Forman
Senior Counsel
Global Capital Markets
+1.212.969.3096
Frank J. Lopez
Partner
Co-head, Global Capital Markets
+1.212.969.3492
Lily Desmond
Senior Counsel
Global Capital Markets
+1.617.526.9641
New York Boston
Chicago
Michael J. Choate
Partner
Global Capital Markets
+1.312.962.3567
Sao Paulo
Antonio Piccirillo
Partner
Head of Sao Paulo Office
Global Capital Markets
+1.212.969.3905
Washington, D.C.
Karen Garnett
Partner
Global Capital Markets
+1.202.416.6850
William J. Tuttle
Partner
Global Capital Markets
+1.202.416.6860
London
Peter Castellon
Partner
Global Capital Markets
+44.20.7280.2091
Maximilian Kirchner
Partner
Global Capital Markets
+44.20.7280.2074
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Contents
2018 Market Overview 1
Trend Analysis 43
Health Care 59
Technology, Media & Telecommunications 75
Consumer/Retail 91
Financial Services 107
Industrials 121
Appendix A - Sponsor-Backed IssuersAppendix B - Foreign Private Issuers
These materials are proprietary to Proskauer Rose LLP and may not be reproduced, transmitted or
otherwise exploited in any media, in whole or in part, without the prior written authorization of Proskauer
Rose LLP. Requests for permission may be addressed to: Frank Lopez, Co-head of Global Capital
Markets, Proskauer Rose LLP.
This publication includes the presentation of statistical information for illustrative purposes only and
should not be relied on for any inference of correlative or causal relationships. Although we believe our
study is an accurate representation of the IPO market that meets our study’s criteria, there may be slight
deviations from the actual market.
This publication is a service to our clients and friends of the firm. This publication is not intended to be
comprehensive or to provide financial, investment, legal, tax or other professional advice or services.
This publication is not a substitute for such professional advice or services, and it should not be acted
on or relied upon or used as a basis for any investment or other decision or action that may affect you
or your business. Before making any such decision you should consult a suitably qualified professional
adviser. While reasonable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this
publication, this cannot be guaranteed and neither Proskauer Rose LLP nor any other related entity shall
have any liability to any person or entity that relies on the information contained in this publication, including
incidental or consequential damages arising from errors or omissions. Any such reliance is solely at the
user’s risk.
© 2019 Proskauer Rose LLP. All rights reserved.
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Population
Our proprietary database now includes 556 IPOs that priced from 2013 to 2018.
The criteria for our study include:• Listing on a U.S. national securities exchange; and• Minimum initial base deal of $50mm in the first preliminary prospectus
that included a price range filed with the SEC.
The total population that met our criteria in 2018 was 152 IPOs.
This study covers 94 IPOs (approximately 62% of the IPOs that met our criteria) that priced in 2018: 72 domestic issuers and 22 foreign private issuers (FPIs). Our population is reflective of the total population based on industry, size and geographic region.
Our trend analysis section covers 456 IPOs: 94 in 2018, 86 in 2017, 67 in 2016, 90 in 2015 and 119 in 2014.
Our study excludes blank check companies (BCCs), special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs), trusts, real estate investment trusts (REITs), business development companies (BDCs) and closed-end investment companies.
There are two appendices in our study for Sponsor-backed IPOs and FPIs that priced in 2018.
Sources and Analysis
Data compiled from publicly available: (i) registration statements on Form S-1, Form S-11 and Form F-1 and final prospectuses, (ii) SEC comment letters and (iii) as-filed underwriting agreements.
Market, sector, pricing, over-allotment, sponsor-backed and performance data are sourced from Dealogic.
Financial information (unless otherwise indicated) is based on the issuer’s most recent audited fiscal year as disclosed in the final prospectus.
The term “average offer” in the “Aftermarket Performance” charts means the average percentage change from the IPO price to the closing price on one day, 30 days, 90 days or 180 days (excludes deals priced after August 1, 2018) after the initial trade date and includes market data available as of January 31, 2018 (our cut-off date).
Analysis of first round SEC comment letters and time to pricing excludes three issuers that either received SEC comments on a prior IPO registration statement or were previously reporting issuers.
Analysis of corporate governance items excludes Master Limited Partnerships (MLPs) and FPIs, given their unique corporate governance structures and available exemptions under stock exchange rules.
Non-Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (Non-GAAP) financial measures include Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA), adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income and free cash-flow.
Methodology
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1
Global Capital Markets IPO Study 2019
2018 Market Overview
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2018 Market Overview
Sector Analysis
87%42%Health Care
6%Industrials
30%
4%
Technology, Media and Telecommunications (TMT)
Energy & Power (E&P)
12%Consumer/Retail
6%Financial Services
Health Care IPOs made up the largest percentage of deals in the overall IPO market.
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U.S. Geographic Analysis
State of Headquarters California - 33%
Massachusetts - 21%
Texas - 7%
Georgia - 4%
New York - 3%
Other - 32%
State of Incorporation Delaware - 88%
Nevada - 3%
Washington - 3%
Other - 6%
California and Massachusetts were the top U.S. states for IPO issuer headquarters.
Delaware was the top U.S. state for IPO issuer states of incorporation.
83%of California-based issuers were headquartered in the Bay Area.
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2018 Market Overview
Global Geographic Analysis
U.S. 75%
Europe 5%
Brazil 3%
China 16%
Canada 1%
2018 saw a significant increase in IPOs from China as a percentage of the overall market, up to 16% from 8% in 2017. This was the highest percentage of Chinese issuers that we have seen in the last five years.
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Deal Size & Market
Capitalization at Pricing
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Small-cap(<$350mm)
Mid-cap($350mm-$1bn)
Large-cap($1bn+)
Market Cap at Pricing
16%
36%
48%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Deal Size*
30%
46%
6%11%
7%
Under $100mm $100mm-$249mm $250mm-$499mm $500mm-$999mm $1bn+
*Deal size consists of priced amount in base offering and excludes any exercise of over-allotment option.
Almost half of IPOs had a deal size of between $100mm and $249mm.
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Exercise of
Over-Allotment Option
Exercise of Over-Allotment Option by Sector
77%
Health Care
86%
TMT
55%
Consumer/Retail
83%
FinancialServices
67%
Industrials
75%
E&P
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Exercise of Over-Allotment Option Option exercised in full or part - 77%
Option not exercised - 23%
2018 Market Overview
77%
The over-allotment option was exercised in approximately
of IPOs.
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Exercise of Over-Allotment Option by Market Cap at Pricing
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
87%
74% 76%
Small-cap(<$350mm)
Mid-cap($350mm-$1bn)
Large-cap($1bn+)
Exercise of Over-Allotment Option by Deal Size*
Under $100mm $100mm-$249mm $250mm-$499mm $500mm-$999mm $1bn+
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
68%
81% 83%80%
71%
*Deal size consists of priced amount in base offering and excludes any exercise of over-allotment option.
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Pricing vs. Range
TMT Consumer/Retail
FinancialServices
Industrials E&P
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
16%
74%
10%
46%
46%
8%
64%
36%
83%
17%
33%
67%
25%
25%
50%
Pricing vs. Range of All IPOs by Sector Above range
In range
Below range
Health Care
Pricing vs. Range of All IPOs Above range - 21%
In range - 61%
Below range - 18%
2018 Market Overview
61%Approximately
of IPOs priced in range.
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100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range of All IPOs by Market Cap at Pricing Above range
In range
Below range
67%
33%
6%
88%
6%
40%
38%
22%
Small-cap(<$350mm)
Mid-cap($350mm-$1bn)
Large-cap($1bn+)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range of All IPOs by Deal Size* Above range
In range
Below range
4%
75%
21%
28%
60%
12%
29%
29%
42%
30% 33%
34%
33%
60%
10%
Under $100mm $100mm-$249mm $250mm-$499mm $500mm-$999mm $1bn+
*Deal size consists of priced amount in base offering and exludes any exercise of over-allotment option.
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Confidential Submission
The SEC permits issuers to utilize a confidential submission process in connection with its review of IPO registration statements. This confidential review process has been expanded by the JOBS Act, the FAST Act and SEC guidance.
Confidential Submission Issuers confidentially submitting - 99%
Issuers not confidentially submitting - 1%
2018 Market Overview
The only issuer in our study that did not confidentially submit was AXA Equitable Holdings, Inc.
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Time to IPO
*Excludes three prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
**Deal size consists of priced amount in base offering and excludes any exercise of over-allotment option.
Health Care
TMT
Consumer/Retail
Financial Services
Industrials
E&P
By Sector112
153
130
114
278
157
Average Number
of Days from First
Submission/Filing
to Pricing*
3000 50 100 150 200 250
Under $100mm
$100mm-$249mm
$250mm-$499mm
$500mm-$999mm
$1bn+
By Deal Size**126
163
139
124
146
3000 50 100 150 200 250
Small-cap (<$350mm)
Mid-cap ($350mm-$1bn)
Large-cap ($1bn+)
By Market Cap at Pricing
125
136
146
3000 50 100 150 200 250
The average number of days from an initial submission/filing of an IPO registration statement to pricing was
139days.
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Emerging Growth
Companies (EGCs)
EGCs are a class of issuers established under the JOBS Act that are afforded greater flexibility in pursuing their IPOs. Generally, EGCs are issuers with less than $1.07 billion of annual gross revenue during their most recently completed fiscal year.
EGCs by Sector
92%
Health Care
96%
TMT
55%
Consumer/Retail
67%
FinancialServices
67%
Industrials
100%
E&P
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2018 Market Overview
86%Approximately
of IPO issuers were EGCs.
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Financial Information
& EGCs
Years of AuditedFinancial Statements* 2 Years - 81%
3 Years - 19%
Years of Selected Financial Statements* 2 Years - 71%
3 Years - 23%
5 Years - 6%
Years of Audited Financial Statements in Initial Draft Registration Statement** 1 Year - 15%
2 Years - 77%
3 Years - 8%
*Non-EGCs are excluded as well as two EGCs that provided financial statements since inception, which period was shorter than two years, and one EGC that only showed seven months of unaudited financial
statements as the issuer was previously in bankruptcy. The JOBS Act provides scaled financial disclosure requirements for EGCs, requiring only two years of audited financial statements and two years of selected
financial data. Non-EGCs are required to include three years of audited financial statements and five years of selected financial data.
**Pursuant to the FAST Act, issuers are permitted to omit audited and interim financial statements in initial submissions for prior periods that would not otherwise be required in the prospectus at pricing.
Most EGCs took advantage of the scaled financial disclosure requirements afforded to them under the JOBS Act.
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Disclosure of EBITDA and/or Adjusted EBITDA by Sector
8%
46%
TMT
91%
Consumer/Retail
17%
FinancialServices
67%
Industrials
100%
E&P
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Health Care
EBITDA and/or Adjusted EBITDA
In addition to financial measures calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, many issuers disclose non-GAAP measures, including EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA.
Disclosure of EBITDA and/or Adjusted EBITDA EBITDA and/or Adjusted EBITDA disclosed - 37%
Neither EBITDA nor Adjusted EBITDA disclosed - 63%
2018 Market Overview
37%of issuers disclosed EBITDA and/or Adjusted EBITDA.
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Operating Metrics
Operating metrics are non-financial performance measures and vary by sector.
Operating metrics include measures such as backlog, paying users and customer retention rates.
Disclosure of Operating Metricsby Sector
50%
TMT
55%
Consumer/Retail
FinancialServices
67%
Industrials
25%
3%
E&P
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
67%
Health Care
Disclosure of Operating Metrics Operating metrics included - 32%
Operating metrics not included - 68%
Based on review of summary financial information.
32%
Operating metrics were disclosed in the summary financials in
of IPOs.
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Flash Results
“Flash results” refer to estimated, unaudited financial results for a recently completed fiscal period that are disclosed before complete financial statements are available. They are typically presented as ranges and often cover only select financial line items or operating metrics. They are not required under accounting rules but are often presented for disclosure reasons, particularly the closer the offering date is to the date the financial statements become stale.
46 IPOs priced within 45 days after the end of the fourth fiscal quarter of 2017 or the first, second or third fiscal quarter of 2018. 23 of these 46 issuers (50%) included flash results.
Inclusion of Flash Results by Sector
8%
21%
TMT
45%
Consumer/Retail
50%
FinancialServices
50%
Industrials
100%
E&P
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Health Care
Inclusion of Flash Results Flash results included - 26%
Flash results not included - 74%
For IPOs, audited annual financial statements for the most recently completed fiscal year need to be included no later than 45 days after the end of the fiscal year and unaudited interim financial statements for the
most recently completed fiscal quarter (other than the fourth quarter) need to be included no later than 134 days after the date of the most recent balance sheet included in the registration statement. For example, first
quarter unaudited financial statements go stale at the end of the 134th day after the first quarter and an issuer would need to file second quarter unaudited financial statements with its registration statement on the
135th day.
2018 Market Overview
26%of issuers included flash results.
50%of issuers pricing within 45 days of a quarter end included flash results.
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Pro Forma Financial Statements
The SEC rules require issuers to include standalone pro forma financial statements in connection with certain material acquisitions, dispositions or other significant transactions where disclosure would be material to investors.
Inclusion of Pro Forma Financial Statements by Sector
3% 14%
TMT
36%
Consumer/Retail
17% 17%
FinancialServices
Industrials
25%
E&P
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Health Care
Inclusion of Pro Forma Financial Statements Pro forma financial statements included - 13%
Pro forma financial statements not included - 87%
13%of issuers included pro forma financial statements.
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Accounting/Internal Controls
Issuers with a Going Concern Qualification Issuers with a going concern - 22%
Issuers without a going concern - 78%
Issuers with a Material Weakness Issuers with a material weakness - 46%
Issuers without a material weakness - 54%
Issuers with Restated Financial Statements Issuers with restated financials - 7%
Issuers without restated financials - 93%
2018 Market Overview
Almost half of issuers that went public disclosed a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting.
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19
57%
43%
61%
16%
Issuers with restated financials
23%
Issuers withoutrestated financials
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range -Restated Financial Statements Above range
In range
Below range
23%
54%
23%
66%
14%
Issuers with amaterial weakness
20%
Issuers without amaterial weakness
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range -Material Weakness Above range
In range
Below range
5%
70%
25%
58%
16%
Issuers with agoing concern
26%
Issuers without agoing concern
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range -Going Concern Above range
In range
Below range
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20
SEC Comments:
Total First Round Comments
Health Care TMT Consumer/Retail
FinancialServices
Industrials E&P
30
20
10
0
Average Number of SEC Comments by Round First round comments
Second round comments
Third round comments
16
3 2 3 2
2624
4
7
3
75
7
18
3
10
1816
8
Health Care
16 14
36
26 25
70
101016 16
25
1218 17
28
1318
15
28
4
24 18
72
TMT Consumer/Retail
FinancialServices
Industrials E&P
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Average Number of First Round SEC Comments by Sector Low
Average
Median
High
Excludes three prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
2018 Market Overview
Average number of total first round comments decreased from 23 in 2017 to
20in 2018.
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21
SEC Comments:
Financial & Accounting CommentsFinancial and accounting comments include those on the summary financial and selected financial data, capitalization, management’s discussion & analysis (MD&A), historical financial statements (F-pages) and pro forma financial statements.
0
Health Care
3 32
15
0
12 11
48
1 18 7
20
5 410 6 9 10 10
1110
29
TMT Consumer/Retail
FinancialServices
Industrials E&P
50
40
30
20
10
0
Financial and Accounting Comments by Sector Low
Average
Median
High
Excludes three prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
The average number of financial and accounting comments decreased from 10 in 2017 to
sevenin 2018.
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22
SEC Comments:
A Closer Examination
Segment Reporting Comments by Sector
Overall: 16%
5%
25%
TMT
20%
Consumer/Retail
33%
FinancialServices
25%
Industrials
25%
E&P
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Health Care
Revenue Recognition Comments by Sector
Overall: 37%
15%
57%
TMT
50%
Consumer/Retail
50%
FinancialServices
50%
Industrials
50%
E&P
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Health Care
Cheap Stock Comments by Sector*
Overall: 53%
79%
54%
TMT
0% 0%
Consumer/Retail
17%
FinancialServices
25%
Industrials E&P
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Health Care
Excludes three prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
*Cheap stock comments relate to the difference in valuation represented by (1) pre-IPO equity grants, typically in the form of options to purchase stock issued to officers or directors, and (2) the expected IPO price.
2018 Market Overview
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23
Executive Compensation/Employment Arrangements Comments by Sector
Overall: 27%33%
21%
TMT
10%
Consumer/Retail
50%
FinancialServices
0%
Industrials
50%
E&P
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Health Care
Non-GAAP Financial Measures Comments by Sector
Overall: 25%
5%
39%
TMT
40%
Consumer/Retail
50%
FinancialServices
50%
Industrials
25%
E&P
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Health Care
Excludes three prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
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Capital Structure
Issuers with Multiple Classes of Common Stock by Sector
Overall: 15%
5%
47%
TMT
0%
Consumer/Retail
0%
FinancialServices
0%
Industrials
25%
E&P
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Health Care
Issuers with Multiple Classes of Common Stock Issuers with multiple classes of common stock - 15%
Issuers with a single class of common stock - 85%
Excludes FPIs (subject to home jurisdiction governance rules).
2018 Market Overview
Issuers with multiple classes of common stock continued to be found predominantly in the TMT sector.
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25
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Average offer:1 day
Average offer:30 days
Average offer:90 days
Average offer:180 days
Aftermarket Performance -Capital Structure Issuers with
multiple classes of
common stock
Issuers with a
single class of
common stock
All IPOs
55%
45%
59%
21%
Issuers with multiple classes of common stock
20%
61%
18%
21%
Issuers with a single class of common stock
All IPOs
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range -Capital Structure Above range
In range
Below range
Excludes FPIs (subject to home jurisdiction governance rules).
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26
Board Structure:
Director Independence
Board Independence at Pricing Majority independent directors at pricing - 76%
Less than a majority of independent directors at pricing - 24%
Size of Board at Pricing Average number of directors at pricing - 8
Size of Board at Pricing Average number of independent directors at pricing - 5
Excludes FPIs (subject to home jurisdiction governance rules).
2018 Market Overview
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27
Board Structure:
Classified Board
Issuers with a Classified Board at Pricing Issuers with a classified board - 92%
Issuers without a classified board - 8%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
-10%
-20%
-25%
Average offer:1 day
Average offer:30 days
Average offer:90 days
Average offer:180 days
Aftermarket Performance -Classified Board Issuers with a
classified board
Issuers without a
classified board
All IPOs
Issuers with aclassified board
Issuers without aclassified board
All IPOs
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range -Classified Board Above range
In range
Below range
27%
58%
15%
50%
50%
61%
18%
21%
Excludes FPIs (subject to home jurisdiction governance rules).
92%Approximately
of issuers went public with a classified board.
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28
Board Structure:
Separation of Chair
& CEO Roles
Separation of Chair and CEO Roles Separation of Chair and CEO roles - 72%
Chair and CEO roles combined - 28%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Average offer:1 day
Average offer:30 days
Average offer:90 days
Average offer:180 days
Aftermarket Performance -Separation of Chair and CEO Roles Separation of
Chair and CEO roles
Chair and CEO roles
combined
All IPOs
Separation of Chair and CEO roles
Chair and CEO roles combined
All IPOs
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range -Separation of Chair and CEO Roles Above range
In range
Below range
22%
56%
22%
26%
63%
11%
21%
61%
18%
Excludes three issuers that did not have a Chair at the time of IPO and FPIs (subject to home jurisdiction governance rules).
2018 Market Overview
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29
Anti-Takeover Measures and
Exclusive Forum Provisions
Supermajority Voting Requirements Yes - 76%
Subject to trigger - 11%
No - 13%
Restrictions on Stockholder Actions by Written Consent Yes - 65%
Subject to trigger - 15%
No - 20%
Excludes FPIs (subject to home jurisdiction governance rules).
Certain anti-takeover measures are implemented to spring into effect upon a trigger event, such as a significant stockholder’s ownership position falling below a certain threshold.
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30
Exclusive Forum Provisions* Yes - 87%
No - 13%
Restrictions on Stockholder Ability to Call Special Meeting Yes - 76%
Subject to trigger - 10%
No - 14%
Excludes FPIs (subject to home jurisdiction governance rules).
Certain anti-takeover measures were implemented to spring into effect upon a trigger event, such as a significant stockholder’s ownership position falling below a certain threshold.
*Exclusive forum provisions limit the courts in which certain types of stockholder litigation can be brought.
2018 Market Overview
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31
Equity Incentive Plan
Most issuers establish a new equity incentive plan upon going public and reserve a specified number of shares to issue as compensation to officers, directors and employees.
Average Percentage of Shares Reserved Under Equity Incentive Plans by Sector
10%
Health Care
9%
TMT
7%
Consumer/Retail
4%
FinancialServices
3%
Industrials
11%
E&P
15%
10%
5%
0%
8.5%
The average percentage of shares reserved under equity incentive plans was
40%Approximately
of issuers also established employee stock purchase programs.
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32
2018 Market Overview
Secondary Component
IPOs with a secondary component provide for sales of shares by existing stockholders of the company.
IPOs with a Secondary Component IPOs with a secondary component - 18%
IPOs without a secondary component - 82%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Average offer:1 day
Average offer:30 days
Average offer:90 days
Average offer:180 days
Aftermarket Performance -Secondary Component IPOs with a secondary
component
IPOs without a secondary
component
All IPOs
IPOs with a secondary component
IPOs without a secondary component
All IPOs
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range -Secondary Component Above range
In range
Below range
21%
61%
18%
35%
30%
35%
18%
68%
14%
18%of IPOs had one or more selling stockholders.
Deals with one or more selling stockholders selling in the over-allotment option are not included.
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33
Management Sales
Management Selling in Secondary Component of IPO Secondary IPOs with management selling - 47%
Secondary IPOs without management selling - 53%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
-5%
Average offer:1 day
Average offer:30 days
Average offer:90 days
Average offer:180 days
Aftermarket Performance -Management Sales Secondary IPOs with
management selling
Secondary IPOs
without management
selling
All IPOs
Secondary IPOs with management selling
Secondary IPOs without management selling
All IPOs
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range -Management Sales Above range
In range
Below range
21%
61%
18%
50%
38%
12%
22%
22%
56%
Directors and/or officers participated as selling stockholders in the base offering of
47%of IPOs with a secondary component.
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Insiders Purchasing
Insiders Purchasing in IPO by Sector
77%
Health Care
29%
TMT
9%
Consumer/Retail
0%
FinancialServices
50%
Industrials
50%
E&P
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
IPOs with Insiders Purchasing IPOs with insiders purchasing - 47%
IPOs without insiders purchasing - 53%
Does not include purchases through a Directed Share Program (DSP).
Almost half of issuers disclosed directors, officers or existing stockholders purchasing in their IPO.
2018 Market Overview
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35
Insiders Purchasing in IPO by Market Cap at Pricing
Overall: 47%60%
Small-cap(<$350mm)
71%
Mid-cap($350mm-$1bn)
24%
Large-cap($1bn+)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Insiders Purchasing in IPO by Deal Size*
Overall: 47%
Under $100mm $100mm-$249mm $250mm-$499mm
14%
64%
47%
20%
$500mm-$999mm
50%
$1bn+
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Excludes purchases through a DSP.
*Deal size consists of priced amount in base offering and excludes an exercise of the over-allotment option.
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2018 Market Overview
Insiders Purchasing
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Average offer:1 day
Average offer:30 days
Average offer:90 days
Average offer:180 days
Aftermarket Performance -Insiders Purchasing in IPO IPOs with insiders
purchasing
IPOs without insiders
purchasing
All IPOs
IPOs with insiderspurchasing
IPOs without insiderspurchasing
All IPOs
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range -Insiders Purchasing in IPO Above range
In range
Below range
21%
61%
18%
18%
68%
14%
24%
54%
22%
Does not include purchases through a DSP.
IPOs with insiders purchasing were more likely to price in or above range.
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Pre-IPO Private Placements
Pre-IPO Private Placements by Sector
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
72%
43%
18%0%
17%25%
Health Care TMT Consumer/Retail
FinancialServices
Industrials E&P
Issuers Privately Placing Equity Securities within 12 months prior to Submitting/Filing IPO Registration Statement Yes - 47%
No - 53%
Based on review of information disclosed in Part II, Item 15 of Form S-1 registration statements and Part II, Item 7 of Form F-1 registration statements.
47%of issuers issued equity securities within 12 months prior to submitting/filing IPO registration statements.
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2018 Market Overview
Directed Share Programs (DSPs)
Directed Share Programs (DSPs) allow insiders, employees and other individuals that have relationships with the issuer to purchase stock in the IPO. At the request of the issuer, the underwriters reserve a certain amount of the shares in the IPO for purchase by DSP participants.
DSPs by Sector
31%
46%55%
67%
17%
75%
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Health Care TMT Consumer/Retail
FinancialServices
Industrials E&P
Directed Share Programs (DSPs) Issuers that offered DSPs - 41%
Issuers that did not offer DSPs - 59%
41%of issuers established DSPs.
The average size for DSPs was
of the base deal size.
5%
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Lock-ups
Typically, lock-up release rights are negotiated between the bookrunners and the issuer. The parties that control release rights may, prior to the expiration of the lock-up period, permit the issuer and/or certain stockholders to sell shares in an organized follow-on offering or freely into the open market.
Carve-outs for Issuances in Connection with Acquisitions or Joint Ventures* 5% carve-out - 49%
7% carve-out - 5%
10% carve-out - 13%
Uncapped carve-out - 4%
Carve-out not included - 29%
Lock-up Release Lead left bookrunner only - 9%
Multiple bookrunners - 91%
*Carve-out from issuer lock-up for equity issuances in connection with acquisitions, joint-ventures and strategic transactions.
of issuers had a lock-up carve-out for issuances in connection with acquisitions or joint ventures.
71%
Lock-up release rights were held solely by the lead left bookrunner in
of IPOs.
9%
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40
IPO Fees & Expenses
Underwriting fees
6.34%7.00%
2.94% 2.55%
Total IPO expenses
1.41% 1.21%
Legal expenses
0.83% 0.70%
Accounting expenses
0.25% 0.21%
Printing expenses
8.00%
7.00%
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
Average Fees and Expenses as % of Base Deal Average
Median
Fee Category Low Average Median High
Underwriting Fees* $2,800,000 $15,255,898 $10,132,500 $67,500,000
Total IPO Expenses $1,055,000 $5,624,453 $4,052,528 $88,100,000
Legal Expenses $375,000 $2,241,141 $1,850,000 $15,000,000
Accounting Expenses $80,000 $1,855,186 $1,027,400 $50,000,000
Printing Expenses $35,000 $377,912 $325,000 $2,000,000
IPO Fees and Expenses
*Underwriting fees are the percentage of the IPO base deal that is paid as compensation to the underwriters in the form of a discount or commission.
Underwriting fees ranged from $2.8mm to $67.5mm. The median value for the underwriting fee as a percentage of the base deal size was 7%.
2018 Market Overview
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Global Capital Markets IPO Study 2019
Trend Analysis
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44
Trend Analysis
Sector Analysis
Financial Services
12%9%
12% 13%
6%
12% 11%9% 10%
6%
Industrials
13%
8%10%
13%
4%
E&P
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Percentage of IPOs by Sector 2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Health Care
31%
37%33%
24%
42%
21% 22%26% 28%
30%
TMT
11% 13%10%
12% 12%
Consumer/Retail
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Percentage of IPOs by Sector 2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
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45
Deal Size and Market
Capitalization at Pricing
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Percentage of IPOs by Market Cap at Pricing 2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Small-cap (<$350mm)
28%25%
27%
16%19%
33%36%
43%
36% 36%
Mid-cap ($350mm-$1bn)
39% 39%
30%
45%48%
Large-cap ($1bn+)
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Under $100mm
34%35%39%
30%30%
38%
29%
37%
41%
46%
$100mm-$249mm
18% 18%13% 15%
7%
$250mm-$499mm
Percentage of IPOs by Deal Size* 2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
$500mm-$999mm
8%10%
6%
11%12%
2%
8%5%
2%6%
$1bn+
Percentage of IPOs by Deal Size* 2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
*Deal size consists of priced amount in base offering and excludes any exercise of over-allotment option.
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Issuers Electing to Confidentially Submit*
79%
2014
86%
2015
87%
2016
90%
2017
99%
2018
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
EGCs Electing to Confidentially Submit96%
2014
94%
2015
100%
2016
99%
2017
100%
2018
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Trend Analysis
Confidential Submission
*Includes both EGCs and Non-EGCs.
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47
Average Number of Days from First Submission/Filing to Pricing 2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
0 50 100 250150 200
Average
Median
126
220
135
139
153
112
199
103
117
117
Time to IPO
Excludes prior SEC-reviewed issuers and an additional two issuers in 2014, one issuer in 2015, two issuers in 2016 and nine issuers in 2017 with time from first submission/filing to pricing greater than 18 months.
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48
Trend Analysis
Financial Information
& EGCs
EGCs that Included Two Years of Selected Financial Statements
52%
2014
48%
2015
61%
2016
56%
2017
71%
2018
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
EGCs that Included Two Years of Audited Financial Statements
60%
2014
65%
2015
73%
2016
70%
2017
81%
2018
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Excludes two EGCs in 2015, three EGCs in 2016, one EGC in 2017 and two EGCs in 2018 that provided financial statements since inception, which period, in each case, was less than two years, and one that only
showed seven months of unaudited financial statements as the issuer was previously in bankruptcy.
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49
EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA
and Operating Metrics
Disclosure of Operating Metrics*
51%
2014
46%
2015
33%
2016
35%
2017
32%
2018
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Disclosure of EBITDA and/or Adjusted EBITDA
61%
2014
51%
2015
49%
2016
50%
2017
37%
2018
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
*Based on review of summary financial information.
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50
Pre-Revenue Issuers and
Issuers with a Net Loss
Percentage of Issuers Disclosing a Net Loss
55%
2014
64%
2015
57%
2016
62%
2017
82%
2018
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Percentage of Pre-Revenue Issuers
10%
2014
16%
2015
7%
2016
14%
2017
28%
2018
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Trend Analysis
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51
Accounting/Internal Controls
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
8% 7%3%
7% 7%
Issuers with Restated Financials
Issuers with a Material Weakness
27%
2014
33%
2015
37%
2016
34%
2017
46%
2018
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Issuers with a Going Concern Qualification
7%
18%
12% 13%
22%
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52
SEC Comments
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Average Number of Financial and Accounting Comments*
1511 10 10
7
Average Number of First Round SEC Comments
39
2014
30
2015
26
2016
23
2017
20
2018
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Excludes prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
*Financial and accounting-related comments include those on the summary financial and selected financial data, capitalization, management’s discussion & analysis (MD&A), historical financial statements (F-pages)
and pro forma financial statements.
There continues to be a year-over-year decrease in the average number of first round comments received by issuers from the SEC.
Trend Analysis
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53
SEC Comments
Percentage of IPOs with Non-GAAP Financial Comments
31%
2014
27%
2015
38%
2016
33%
2017
25%
2018
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Percentage of IPOs with Revenue Recognition Comments46%
2014
50%
2015
36%
2016
37%
2017
37%
2018
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Excludes prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
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54
Secondary Component and
Insiders Purchasing
Percentage of IPOs with Insiders Purchasing*
24%
2014
36%
2015
42%
2016
33%
2017
47%
2018
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Percentage of IPOs with a Secondary Component
28%
2014
19%
2015
24%
2016
26%
2017
18%
2018
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
*Does not include purchases through a DSP
Trend Analysis
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55
Directed Share Programs
(DSPs)
Percentage of IPOs with a DSP
48%
2014
52%
2015
42%
2016
50%
2017
41%
2018
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
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56
Sponsor-backed IPOs
Percentage of IPOs that are Sponsor-backed
47%
2014
43%
2015
43%
2016
36%
2017
28%
2018
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
There continues to be a decrease in the percentage of IPOs that were backed by sponsors.
Trend Analysis
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57
IPO Fees and Expenses
2.9%
2014
3.1%
2015
3.5%
2016
2.7%
2017
2.9%
2018
4.0%
3.5%
3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
0%
IPO Fees and Expenses as a Percentage of Base Deal Size
$5.3mm
2014
$4.3mm
2015
$4.7mm
2016
$4.5mm
2017
$5.6mm
2018
$6mm
$5mm
$4mm
$3mm
$2mm
$1mm
0%
Average IPO Fees and Expenses*
*Excludes underwriting fees.
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58
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59
Global Capital Markets IPO Study 2019
Health Care
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60
Health Care
Health Care Market
Overview
Sector Overview Health Care IPOs - 42%
All other IPOs - 58%
U.S. 87%
Europe 10%
Canada 3%
Region of Headquarters
42%Health Care IPOs
of overall market
of Health Care issuers in our study were biotech or biopharmaceutical companies.
97%
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Market Cap at Pricing Small-cap (<$350mm) - 26%
Mid-cap ($350mm-$1bn) - 59%
Large-cap ($1bn+) - 15%
Under $100mm $100mm-$249mm $250mm-$499mm $500mm-$999mm $1bn+
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Deal Size*
44%
50%
0%3% 3%
Over-Allotment Option Exercised
Health Care IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
77%
76%
*Deal size consists of priced amount in base offering and excludes any exercise of over-allotment option
Moderna, Inc., which priced in December 2018, was the largest biotech firm to go public with a deal size of approximately $604mm.
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Health Care
Market Performance
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
-5%
-10%
Average offer:1 day
Average offer:30 days
Average offer:90 days
Average offer:180 days
Aftermarket Performance Health Care IPOs
All other IPOs
15%
75%
10%
51%
24%
Health Care IPOs
25%
All other IPOs
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range Above range
In range
Below range
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63
Emerging Growth
Companies (EGCs)
Years of Audited Financial Statements* 2 Years - 97%
3 Years - 3%
Years of Selected Financial Statements* 2 Years - 97%
3 Years - 3%
Emerging Growth Companies (EGCs)
Health Care IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
92%
82%
*Excludes one EGC that provided financial statements since inception, which period was shorter than two years. The JOBS Act provides financial disclosure requirements for EGCs, requiring only two years of audited
financial statements and two years of selected financial data. Non-EGCs are required to include three years of audited financial statements and five years of selected financial data.
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Health Care
Accounting/Internal Controls
and Flash Results
Going Concern
Health Care IPOs
All other IPOs
44%
5%
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Material Weakness
Health Care IPOs
All other IPOs
33%
55%
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Restated Financials
Health Care IPOs
All other IPOs
8%
7%
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Flash Results
Health Care IPOs
All other IPOs
8%
38%
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
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Average Median
25
20
15
10
5
0
16
23
14
20
Average Number of First Round SEC Comments Health Care IPOs
All other IPOs
CheapStock
74%
33%
15%
54%
RevenueRecognition
5%
23%
SegmentReporting
5%
40%
Non-GAAPFinancialMeasures
33%
23%
Exec Comp/Employee
Arrangements
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
SEC Comment Subject Matter Health Care IPOs
All other IPOs
SEC Comments
Excludes prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
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66
Health Care
Average Number of Days from First Submission/Filing to Pricing
Health Care IPOs
All other IPOs
2502000 50 100 150
112
159
Heath Care Five-year Trend - Average Number of Days from First Submission/Filing to Pricing135
112
159
129
115
213
2500 50 100 150 200
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
Timing
Excludes prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
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Controlled Company Exemption*
Health Care IPOs
All other IPOs
19%
43%
50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Separation of Chair and CEO Roles**
Health Care IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
83%
62%
10
8
6
4
2
0
Health Care IPOs
7
All other IPOs
8
5
Board Composition Average number of
directors
Average number of
independent directors
5
Multiple Classes of Common Stock
Health Care IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
5%
26%
Corporate Governance
Excludes FPIs (subject to home jurisdiction governance rules).
*A controlled company is a company in which more than 50% of the voting power for election of directors is held by an individual, a group or another company. The listing standards of the NYSE and NASDAQ exempt
controlled companies from certain corporate governance requirements.
**Excludes three issuers that did not have a Chair at the time of IPO.
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Health Care
Secondary Component
Health Care IPOs
All other IPOs
60%40% 50%0% 10% 20% 30%
31%
0%
DSPs
Health Care IPOs
All other IPOs
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
31%
49%
Secondary Component and
Directed Share Programs (DSPs)
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Percentage of IPO Purchased by Health Care Insiders* 5.0%-9.9% purchased - 3%
10.0%-19.9% purchased - 7%
20.0% or more purchased - 90%
Deal Structure:
Insiders Purchasing in IPO
IPOs with Insiders Purchasing
Health Care IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
77%
25%
Excludes purchases through a DSP.
*Population consists of IPOs with insiders purchasing.
77%of Health Care IPOs had insiders purchasing.
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70
Health Care
Deal Structure:
Insiders Purchasing in IPO
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
-10%
Average offer:1 day
Average offer:30 days
Average offer:90 days
Average offer:180 days
Aftermarket Performance Health Care IPOs with
insiders purchasing
All other IPOs with
insiders purchasing
7%
83%
10%
Health Care IPOs withinsiders purchasing
36%
21%
43%
All other IPOs withinsiders purchasing
44%
44%
12%
Health Care IPOs withoutinsiders purchasing
55%
25%
20%
All other IPOs withoutinsiders purchasing
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range Above range
In range
Below range
Excludes purchases through a DSP.
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71
Lock-ups and
Carve-outs
Lock-up Release Lead left bookrunner only - 8%
Multiple bookrunners - 92%
Company Lock-up/Carve-out by Cap 5% carve-out - 82%
7% carve-out - 9%
10% carve-out - 9%
Carve-out for Acquisitions/Joint VenturesHealth Care IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
90%
58%
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Health Care
Fees and Expenses
Health Care IPOs All other IPOs
$20mm
$15mm
$10mm
$5mm
$0mm
$9.9mm
$3.7mm
$19.0mm
$7.0mm
Average Fees and Expenses Average underwriting
fees*
Average total IPO
expenses
*Underwriting fees are the percentage of the IPO base deal that is paid as compensation to the underwriters in the form of a discount or commission.
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Health Care IPOs All other IPOs
$3mm
$2.5mm
$2mm
$1.5mm
$1mm
$0mm
$1.8mm
$1.2mm$0.3mm
$2.3mm
$0.4mm
$2.5mm
Average Fees and Expenses Average legal fees
Average accounting
fees
Average printing fees
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75
Global Capital Markets IPO Study 2019
Technology, Media & Telecommunications
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Technology, Media & Telecommunications
TMT Market Overview
U.S. 60%U.K. 4%
China 29%
Brazil 7%
Sector Overview TMT IPOs - 30%
All other IPOs - 70%
Region of Headquarters
30%
Technology, Media & Telecommunications IPOs
of overall market
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Market Cap at Pricing Small-cap (<$350mm) - 7%
Mid-cap ($350mm-$1bn) - 11%
Large-cap ($1bn+) - 82%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Deal Size*
18%
50%
11%14%
7%
Under $100mm $100mm-$249mm $250mm-$499mm $500mm-$999mm $1bn+
Over-Allotment Option Exercised
TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
86%
73%
*Deal size consists of priced amount in base offering and excludes any exercise of over-allotment option.
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78
Market Performance
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Average offer:1 day
Average offer:30 days
Average offer:90 days
Average offer:180 days
Aftermarket Performance TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
46%
46%
8%
TMT IPOs
10%
67%
23%
All other IPOs
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range Above range
In range
Below range
Technology, Media & Telecommunications
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79
Emerging Growth
Companies (EGCs)
Years of Audited Financial Statements* 2 Years - 65%
3 Years - 35%
Years of Selected Financial Statements* 2 Years - 62%
3 Years - 38%
Emerging Growth Companies (EGCs)
TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
96%
82%
*Excludes one EGC that provided financial statements since inception, which period was shorter than two years. The JOBS Act provides financial disclosure requirements for EGCs, requiring only two years of audited
financial statements and two years of selected financial data. Non-EGCs are required to include three years of audited financial statements and five years of selected financial data.
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80
Accounting/Internal Controls
and Flash Results
Technology, Media & Telecommunications
Going Concern
TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
0%
30%
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Material Weakness
TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
50%
44%
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Restated Financials
TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
4%
9%
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Flash Results
TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
21%
27%
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
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81
EBITDA and/or Adjusted EBITDA
TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 20%10% 40%30% 60%50% 80% 90%70%
46%
33%
Net Loss
TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 20%10% 40%30% 60%50% 80% 90%70%
89%
79%
Financial Information: Net Loss and
EBITDA and/or Adjusted EBITDA
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82
Technology, Media & Telecommunications
Average Median
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
25
16
25
14
Average Number of First Round SEC Comments TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
CheapStock
54% 52%57%
29%
RevenueRecognition
25%
13%
SegmentReporting
39%
19%
Non-GAAPFinancial Measures
21%
30%
Exec Comp/Employee
Arrangements
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
SEC Comment Subject Matter TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
SEC Comments
Excludes prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
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83
Average Number of Days From First Submission/Filing to Pricing
TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
157
131
3002500 50 100 150 200
TMT Five-year Trend - Average Number of Days from First Submission/Filing to Pricing
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
157
127
160
138
249
3002500 50 100 150 200
Timing
Excludes prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
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84
Technology, Media & Telecommunications
Controlled Company Exemption*
TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
18%
35%
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Separation of Chair and CEO Roles**
TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
56%
77%
10
8
6
4
2
0
TMT IPOs
8
6
All other IPOs
7
5
Board Composition Average number
of directors
Average number of
independent directors
Multiple Classes of Common Stock
TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
47%
5%
Corporate Governance
Excludes FPIs (subject to home jurisdiction governance rules).
*A controlled company is a company in which more than 50% of the voting power for election of directors is held by an individual, a group or another company. The listing standards of the NYSE and NASDAQ exempt
controlled companies from certain corporate governance requirements.
**Excludes three issuers that did not have a Chair at the time of IPO.
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85
Secondary Component
TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
25%
15%
DSPs
TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
46%
39%
Secondary Component and
Directed Share Programs (DSPs)
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86
Technology, Media & Telecommunications
Percentage of IPO Purchased by TMT Insiders Less than 5.0% purchased - 38%
5.0%-9.9% purchased - 12%
10.0%-19.9% purchased - 25%
20.0% or more purchased - 25%
Insiders Purchasing in IPO
IPOs with Insiders Purchasing
TMT IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
29%
55%
Excludes purchases through a DSP.
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87
Lock-ups and
Carve-outs
Lock-up Release Lead left bookrunner only - 14%
Multiple bookrunners - 86%
Company Lock-up/Carve-out by Cap 5% carve-out - 57%
7% carve-out - 6%
10% carve-out - 31%
Uncapped - 6%
Carve-out for Acquisitions/Joint VenturesTMT IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
57%
77%
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88
Technology, Media & Telecommunications
Fees and Expenses
TMT IPOs All other IPOs
$20mm
$15mm
$10mm
$5mm
$0mm
$18.9mm
$5.8mm
$13.7mm
$5.5mm
Average Fees and Expenses Average underwriting
fees*
Average total IPO
expenses
*Underwriting fees are the percentage of the IPO base deal that is paid as compensation to the underwriters in the form of a discount or commission.
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89
TMT IPOs All other IPOs
$3mm
$2.5mm
$2mm
$1.5mm
$1mm
$0mm $0.4mm
$2.3mm
$1.6mm
$2.2mm
$2.0mm
$0.4mm
Average Fees and Expenses Average legal fees
Average accounting
fees
Average printing fees
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90
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91
Global Capital Markets IPO Study 2019
Consumer/Retail
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92
Consumer/Retail
Consumer/Retail
Market Overview
U.S. 64% China 36%
Sector Overview Consumer/Retail IPOs - 12%
All other IPOs - 88%
Region of Headquarters
12%
Consumer/Retail IPOs
of overall market
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93
Market Cap at Pricing Mid-cap ($350mm-$1bn) - 27%
Large-cap ($1bn+) - 73%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Deal Size*
9%
37%
27%
18%
9%
Under $100mm $100mm-$249mm $250mm-$499mm $500mm-$999mm $1bn+
Over-AllotmentOption Exercised
Consumer/Retail IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
80%
55%
*Deal size consists of priced amount in base offering and excludes any exercise of over-allotment option.
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94
Consumer/Retail
Market Performance
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
-5%
-10%
Average offer:1 day
Average offer:30 days
Average offer:90 days
Average offer:180 days
Aftermarket Performance Consumer/Retail IPOs
All other IPOs
64%
36%
Consumer/Retail IPOs
24%
60%
16%
All other IPOs
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range Above range
In range
Below range
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95
Emerging Growth
Companies (EGCs)
Years of Audited Financial Statements* 2 Years - 33%
3 Years - 67%
Years of Selected Financial Statements* 2 Years - 17%
3 Years - 66%
5 Years - 17%
Emerging Growth Companies (EGCs)
Consumer/Retail IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
55%
90%
*Excludes one EGC that provided financial statements since inception, which period was shorter than two years. The JOBS Act provides financial disclosure requirements for EGCs, requiring only two years of audited
financial statements and two years of selected financial data. Non-EGCs are required to include three years of audited financial statements and five years of selected financial data.
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96
Accounting/Internal Controls
and Flash Results
Consumer/Retail
Going ConcernConsumer/Retail
IPOs
All other IPOs
0%
24%
70%60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Material WeaknessConsumer/Retail
IPOs
All other IPOs
64%
43%
70%60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Restated FinancialsConsumer/Retail
IPOs
All other IPOs
9%
7%
70%60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Flash ResultsConsumer/Retail
IPOs
All other IPOs
45%
23%
70%60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
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97
EBITDA and/or Adjusted EBITDA
Consumer/Retail IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 20%10% 40%30% 60%50% 80% 90%70%
91%
30%
Net Loss
Consumer/Retail IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 20%10% 40%30% 60%50% 80% 90%70%
64%
84%
Financial Information: Net Loss and
EBITDA and/or Adjusted EBITDA
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98
Average Median
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
16
20
16 16
Average Number of First Round SEC Comments Consumer/Retail IPOs
All other IPOs
CheapStock
0%
59%
50%
36%
RevenueRecognition
20%16%
SegmentReporting
40%
23%
Non-GAAPFinancial Measures
10%
30%
Exec Comp/Employee
Arrangements
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
SEC Comment Subject Matter Consumer/Retail IPOs
All other IPOs
SEC Comments
Excludes prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
Consumer/Retail
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99
Average Number of Days From First Submission/Filing to Pricing
153
137
2000 50 150100
Consumer/Retail IPOs
All other IPOs
Consumer/Retail Five-year Trend - Average Number of Days from First Submission/Filing to Pricing
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
153
110
182
125
184
2001801600 60 8020 40 120 140100
Timing
Excludes prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
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100
Consumer/Retail
Separation of Chair and CEO Roles**Consumer/Retail
IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
83%
71%
Controlled Company Exemption*Consumer/Retail
IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
83%
26%
10
8
6
4
2
0
Consumer/Retail IPOs
8
All other IPOs
8
6
Board Composition Average number
of directors
Average number of
independent directors3
Multiple Classes of Common StockConsumer/Retail
IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
0%
17%
Corporate Governance
Excludes FPIs (subject to home jurisdiction governance rules).
*A controlled company is a company in which more than 50% of the voting power for election of directors is held by an individual, a group or another company. The listing standards of the NYSE and NASDAQ exempt
controlled companies from certain corporate governance requirements.
**Excludes three issuers that did not have a Chair at the time of IPO.
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101
Secondary Component
Consumer/Retail IPOs
All other IPOs
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
27%
17%
DSPs
Consumer/Retail IPOs
All other IPOs
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
55%
40%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
-5%
Average offer:1 day
Average offer:30 days
Average offer:90 days
Average offer:180 days
Aftermarket Performance Consumer/Retail IPOs
with DSP
All other IPOs with
DSP
Secondary Component and
Directed Share Programs (DSPs)
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102
Consumer/Retail
Percentage of IPO Purchased by Consumer/Retail Insiders 10.0%-19.9% purchased - 100%
Deal Structure:
Insiders Purchasing in IPO
IPOs with Insiders Purchasing
Consumer/Retail IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
20%
62%
Excludes purchases through a DSP.
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103
Lock-ups and
Carve-outs
Lock-up Release Lead left bookrunner only - 0%
Multiple bookrunners - 100%
Company Lock-up/Carve-out by Cap 5% carve-out - 58%
7% carve-out - 14%
10% carve-out - 14%
Uncapped - 14%
Carve-out for Acquisitions/Joint VenturesConsumer/Retail
IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
64%
72%
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104
Consumer/Retail
Fees and Expenses
Consumer/Retail IPOs All other IPOs
$25mm
$20mm
$15mm
$10mm
$5mm
$0mm
$20.0mm
$5.4mm
$14.6mm
$5.7mm
Average Fees and Expenses Average underwriting
fees*
Average total IPO
expenses
*Underwriting fees are the percentage of the IPO base deal that is paid as compensation to the underwriters in the form of a discount or commission.
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105
Consumer/Retail IPOs All other IPOs
$3mm
$2.5mm
$2mm
$1.5mm
$1mm
$0mm
$1.1mm $0.4mm
$2.0mm
$0.4mm
$2.9mm
$2.2mm
Average Fees and Expenses Average legal fees
Average accounting
fees
Average printing fees
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106
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107
Global Capital Markets IPO Study 2019
Financial Services
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108
Financial Services
Market Overview
Sector Overview Financial Services IPOs - 6%
All other IPOs - 94%
Financial Services
U.S. 83% China 17%Region of Headquarters
6%
Financial Services IPOs
of overall market
of the financial services issuers in our study were commercial savings banks.
50%
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109
Market Cap at Pricing Small-cap (<$350mm) - 33%
Mid-cap ($350mm-$1bn) - 34%
Large-cap ($1bn+) - 33%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Deal Size*49%
17%
0%
17% 17%
Under $100mm $100mm-$249mm $250mm-$499mm $500mm-$999mm $1bn+
Over-Allotment Option Exercised
FinancialServices
IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
83%
76%
*Deal size consists of priced amount in base offering and excludes any exercise of over-allotment option.
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110
Financial Services
Market Performance
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Average offer:1 day
Average offer:30 days
Average offer:90 days
Average offer:180 days
Aftermarket Performance Financial Services IPOs
All other IPOs
83%
17%
Financial Services IPOs
23%
59%
18%
All other IPOs
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range Above range
In range
Below range
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111
Emerging Growth
Companies (EGCs)
Years of Audited Financial Statements* 2 Years - 100%
Years of Selected Financial Statements* 2 Years - 25%
3 Years - 75%
Emerging Growth Companies (EGCs)
FinancialServices IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
67%
88%
*Excludes one EGC that provided financial statements since inception, which period was shorter than two years. The JOBS Act provides financial disclosure requirements for EGCs, requiring only two years of audited
financial statements and two years of selected financial data. Non-EGCs are required to include three years of audited financial statements and five years of selected financial data.
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112
Accounting/Internal Controls
and Flash Results
Financial Services
Going ConcernFinancial Services
IPOs
All other IPOs
0%
23%
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Material WeaknessFinancial Services
IPOs
All other IPOs
50%
45%
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Restated FinancialsFinancial Services
IPOs
All other IPOs
17%
7%
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Flash ResultsFinancial Services
IPOs
All other IPOs
50%
24%
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
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113
EBITDA and/or Adjusted EBITDA
FinancialServices IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 20%10% 40%30% 60%50% 80% 90%70%
17%
39%
Net Loss
FinancialServices IPOs
All other IPOs
17%
100%0% 20%10% 40%30% 60%50% 80% 90%70%
86%
Financial Information: Net Loss and
EBITDA and/or Adjusted EBITDA
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114
Average Median
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
24
19 18
16
Average Number of First Round SEC Comments Financial Services IPOs
All other IPOs
CheapStock
17%
55%50%
36%
RevenueRecognition
33%
15%
SegmentReporting
50%
24%
Non-GAAPFinancial Measures
50%
26%
Exec Comp/Employee
Arrangements
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
SEC Comment Subject Matter Financial Services IPOs
All other IPOs
SEC Comments
Excludes prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
Financial Services
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115
Average Number of Days From First Submission/Filing to Pricing
FinancialServices IPOs
All other IPOs
2000 50 100 150
130
140
Financial Services Five-year Trend - Average Number of Days from First Submission/Filing to Pricing
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
130
130
194
123
177
2001801600 60 8020 40 120 140100
Timing
Excludes prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
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116
Financial Services
Separation of Chair and CEO Roles**Financial Services
IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
40%
75%
Controlled Company Exemption*Financial Services
IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
60%
28%
10
8
6
4
2
0
Financial Services IPOs
9
6
All other IPOs
8
5
Board Composition Average number
of directors
Average number of
independent directors
Multiple Classes of Common StockFinancial Services
IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
0%
16%
Corporate Governance
Excludes FPIs (subject to home jurisdiction governance rules).
*A controlled company is a company in which more than 50% of the voting power for election of directors is held by an individual, a group or another company. The listing standards of the NYSE and NASDAQ exempt
controlled companies from certain corporate governance requirements.
**Excludes three issuers that did not have a Chair at the time of IPO.
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117
Secondary Component and
Directed Share Programs (DSPs)
Secondary Component
FinancialServices IPOs
All other IPOs
80%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
67%
15%
DSPs
FinancialServices IPOs
All other IPOs
80%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
67%
40%
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118
Financial Services
Lock-ups and
Carve-outs
Lock-up Release Lead left bookrunner only - 17%
Multiple bookrunners - 83%
Company Lock-up/Carve-out by Cap 5% carve-out - 25%
10% carve-out - 25%
Uncapped - 50%
Carve-out for Acquisitions/Joint VenturesFinancial
Services IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
67%
72%
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119
Fees and Expenses
$25mm
$20mm
$15mm
$10mm
$5mm
$0mm
Financial Services IPOs All other IPOs
$20.8mm
$17.1mm
$14.9mm
$4.8mm
Average Fees and Expenses Average underwriting
fees*
Average total IPO
expenses
Financial Services IPOs All other IPOs
$10mm
$8mm
$6mm
$4mm
$2mm
$0mm
$3.4mm
$2.2mm
$8.8mm
$0.6mm$1.4mm $0.4mm
Average Fees and Expenses Average legal fees
Average accounting
fees
Average printing fees
*Underwriting fees are the percentage of the IPO base deal that is paid as compensation to the underwriters in the form of a discount or commission.
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120
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121
Global Capital Markets IPO Study 2019
Industrials
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122
Industrials
Industrials
Market Overview
Sector Overview Industrials IPOs - 6%
All other IPOs - 94%
6%Industrials IPOs
of overall market
U.S. 50% China 33%
Brazil 17%
Country of Headquarters
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123
Market Cap at Pricing Mid-cap ($350mm-$1bn) - 33%
Large-cap ($1bn+) - 67%
Over-Allotment Option Exercised
Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
67%
77%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Deal Size*
17% 17% 17%
32%
17%
Under $100mm $100mm-$249mm $250mm-$499mm $500mm-$999mm $1bn+
*Deal size consists of priced amount in base offering and excludes any exercise of over-allotment option.
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124
Market Performance
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
-5%
-10%
-15%
Average offer:1 day
Average offer:30 days
Average offer:90 days
Average offer:180 days
Aftermarket Performance Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
33%
67%
Industrials IPOs
23%
62%
15%
All other IPOs
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range Above range
In range
Below range
Industrials
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125
Emerging Growth
Companies (EGCs)
Years of Audited Financial Statements* 2 Years - 75%
3 Years - 25%
Years of Selected Financial Statements 2 Years - 50%
3 Years - 25%
5 Years - 25%
Emerging Growth Companies (EGCs)
Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
67%
88%
*Non-EGCs are excluded
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Going Concern
Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
0%
47%
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Material Weakness
Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
50%
45%
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Restated Financials
Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
17%
7%
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Flash Results
Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
50%
24%
60%50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Accounting/Internal Controls
and Flash Results
Industrials
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EBITDA and/or Adjusted EBITDA
Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 20%10% 40%30% 60%50% 80% 90%70%
67%
35%
Net Loss
Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 20%10% 40%30% 60%50% 80% 90%70%
33%
85%
Financial Information: Net Loss and
EBITDA and/or Adjusted EBITDA
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Average Median
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1820
1716
Average Number of First Round SEC Comments Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
CheapStock
25%
53%50%
37%
RevenueRecognition
25%
16%
SegmentReporting
50%
24%
Non-GAAPFinancial Measures
0%
29%
Exec Comp/Employee
Arrangements
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
SEC Comment Subject Matter Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
SEC Comments
Excludes prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
Industrials
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129
Average Number of Days From First Submission/Filing to Pricing
114
140
Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
2502001801600 60 8020 40 120 140100
Industrials Five-year Trend - Average Number of Days from First Submission/Filing to Pricing
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
114
123
155
121
236
2502001801600 60 8020 40 120 140100
Timing
Excludes prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
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130
Separation of Chair and CEO Roles**
Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
67%
73%
Controlled Company Exemption*
Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
67%
29%
10
8
6
4
2
0
Industrials IPOs
8
All other IPOs
8
5
Board Composition Average number
of directors
Average number of
independent directors5
Multiple Classes of Common Stock
Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
0%
16%
Corporate Governance
Excludes FPIs (subject to home jurisdiction governance rules).
*A controlled company is a company in which more than 50% of the voting power for election of directors is held by an individual, a group or another company. The listing standards of the NYSE and NASDAQ exempt
controlled companies from certain corporate governance requirements.
**Excludes three issuers that did not have a Chair at the time of IPO.
Industrials
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Secondary Component
Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
50%30%0% 10% 20% 40%
18%
33%
DSPs
Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
17%
43%
Secondary Component and
Directed Share Programs (DSPs)
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Percentage of IPO Purchased by Industrials Insiders Less than 5% purchased - 100%
Deal Structure:
Insiders Purchasing in IPO
IPOs with Insiders Purchasing
Industrials IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
50%
47%
Excludes purchases through a DSP.
Industrials
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Lock-ups and
Carve-outs
Lock-up Release Lead left bookrunner only - 0%
Multiple bookrunners - 100%
Company Lock-up/Carve-out by Cap 5% carve-out - 100%
Carve-out for Acquisitions/Joint VenturesIndustrials IPOs
All other IPOs
100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
33%
74%
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Fees and Expenses
Industrials
Industrials IPOs All other IPOs
$25mm
$20mm
$15mm
$10mm
$5mm
$0mm
Average Fees and Expenses Average underwriting
fees*
Average total IPO
expenses
$22.3mm
$6.6mm
$14.8mm
$5.6mm
*Underwriting fees are the percentage of the IPO base deal that is paid as compensation to the underwriters in the form of a discount or commission.
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Industrials IPOs All other IPOs
$3mm
$2.5mm
$2mm
$1.5mm
$1mm
$0mm
Average Fees and Expenses Average legal fees
Average accounting
fees
Average printing fees
$1.7mm
$2.8mm
$2.2mm
$0.5mm
$1.9mm
$0.4mm
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Global Capital Markets IPO Study 2019
Appendix A - Sponsor-Backed IPOs
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138
Appendix A Sponsor-Backed IPOs
Sponsor-Backed Overview:
Sector Analysis
Health Care
TMT
Consumer/Retail
Financial Services
Industrials
E&P
Sponsor-Backed IPOs by Sector Sponsor-Backed
Non-Sponsor-Backed
90%
45%
68%
67%
50%
50%
10%
55%
32%
33%
50%
50%
0% 30% 40%10% 20% 60% 70%50% 100%90%80%
Sponsor-Backed IPOs Five-year Trend
47%
2014
43%
2015
43%
2016
36%
2017
28%
2018
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Sponsor-Backed vs Non-Sponsor-Backed IPOs Sponsor-Backed IPOs - 28%
Non-Sponsor-Backed IPOs - 72%
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Sponsor-Backed Overview:
Deal Size & Market Capitalization
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Sponsor-Backed IPOs by Deal Size* Sponsor-Backed
Non-Sponsor-Backed
Under $100mm
86%
14%
$1bn+
83%
17%
$100mm-$249mm
74%
26%
$250mm-$499mm
43%
57%
$500mm-$999mm
40%
60%
Small-cap(<$350mm)
Mid-cap($350mm-$1bn)
Large-cap($1bn+)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Market Cap at Pricing Sponsor-Backed
Non-Sponsor-Backed80%
20%
82%
18%
62%
38%
*Deal size consists of priced amount in base offering and excludes any exercise of over-allotment option.
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Deal Execution
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Average offer:1 day
Average offer:30 days
Average offer:90 days
Average offer:180 days
Aftermarket Performance Sponsor-Backed
Non-Sponsor-Backed
19%
50%
31%
Sponsor-Backed
22%
65%
13%
Non-Sponsor-Backed
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range Above range
In range
Below range
Appendix A Sponsor-Backed IPOs
88%
Sponsor-Backed
72%
Non-Sponsor-Backed
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Exercise of Over-Allotment Option
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Secondary Sales
Sponsor-Backed IPOs with a Secondary Component Sponsor-Backed IPOs without a secondary component - 27%
Sponsor-Backed IPOs with a secondary component
without management selling - 73%
Sponsor-Backed IPOs with a Secondary Component and Management Selling Sponsor-Backed IPOs without a secondary component - 43%
Sponsor-Backed IPOs with a secondary component
without management selling - 57%
Secondary Component to IPOs
Sponsor-Backed IPOs with
a secondary component
All other IPOs with a secondary component
50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
27%
15%
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Time to IPO and
SEC Comments
*Excludes prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
Average Number of Days From First Submission/Filing to Pricing*
Sponsor-Backed
Non-Sponsor-Backed
All IPOs
2001500 50 100
176
126
139
Average Number of First Round SEC Comments*
Sponsor-Backed
Non-Sponsor-Backed
All IPOs
20150 5 10
20
18
20
Appendix A Sponsor-Backed IPOs
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Excludes prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
Non-GAAP Financial
Measures
Sponsor-Backed Non-Sponsor-Backed All IPOs
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
SEC Comments: Non-GAAP Financial Measures Comments
46%
18%25%
Sponsor-Backed Non-Sponsor-Backed All IPOs
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
EBITDA and/or Adjusted EBITDA Disclosure
62%
28%
37%
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Corporate Governance
Excludes FPIs (subject to home jurisdiction governance rules).
Sponsor-Backed Non-Sponsor-Backed All IPOs
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Issuers Eligible to Elect Controlled Company Exemption
54%
19%
31%
Sponsor-Backed Non-Sponsor-Backed All IPOs
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
IPOs with Multiple Classes of Common Stock
21%
13%15%
Appendix A Sponsor-Backed IPOs
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Excludes FPIs (subject to home jurisdiction governance rules).
Board Structure
Sponsor-Backed Non-Sponsor-Backed
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
IPOs with Classifed Boards
88%94%
Average Number of Directors Sponsor-Backed - 8
Non-Sponsor-Backed - 7
Average Number of Independent Directors Sponsor-Backed - 5
Non-Sponsor-Backed - 6
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Anti-Takeover
Excludes FPIs (subject to home jurisdiction governance rules).
Restriction on Stockholder Ability to Call Special Meetings Yes
Subject to trigger
No
Sponsor-Backed
Non-Sponsor-Backed
All IPOs
16%
13%
14%
21%
4%
10%
63%
83%
76%
0% 30% 40%10% 20% 60% 70%50% 100%90%80%
Restrictions on Stockholder Action by Written Consent Yes
Subject to trigger
No
Sponsor-Backed
Non-Sponsor-Backed
All IPOs
25%
17%
20%
33%
6%
15%
42%
77%
65%
0% 30% 40%10% 20% 60% 70%50% 100%90%80%
Supermajority Voting Requirements Yes
Subject to trigger
No
Sponsor-Backed
Non-Sponsor-Backed
All IPOs
17%
10%
13%
25%
5%
11%
58%
85%
76%
0% 30% 40%10% 20% 60% 70%50% 100%90%80%
Appendix A Sponsor-Backed IPOs
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Fees and Expenses
*Underwriting fees are the percentage of the IPO base deal that is paid as compensation to the underwriter in the form of a discount or commission.
Sponsor-Backed Non-Sponsor-Backed
$3mm
$2.5mm
$2mm
$1.5mm
$1mm
$0mm
$2.4mm
$1.3mm$0.4mm
$2.1mm
$0.4mm
$2.2mm
Average Fees and Expenses Average legal fees
Average accounting
fees
Average printing fees
Sponsor-Backed Non-Sponsor-Backed
$25mm
$20mm
$15mm
$10mm
$5mm
$0mm
Average Fees and Expenses Average underwriting
fees*
Average total IPO
expenses$13.3mm
$5.7mm
$20.3mm
$5.4mm
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Global Capital Markets IPO Study 2019
Appendix B - Foreign Private Issuers
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Appendix B Foreign Private Issuers
Market Overview:
Foreign Private Issuers
Foreign Private Issuers IPOs
16%
2014
13%
2015
15%
2016
21%
2017
24%
2018
30%
20%
10%
0%
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FPI Headquarters
Israel 0% | 8%
Germany 0% | 5%
U.K. 14% | 10%
Argentina 0% | 3%
Other Europe 4% | 21%
Ireland 0% | 5%
Brazil 14% | 5%
China 68% | 36%
Canada 0% | 7%
FPI Headquarters 2018
2014–2017
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Sector Analysis
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Five-Year FPI Sector Trend Analysis 2014-2017
2018
Health Care TMT Consumer/Retail
FinancialServices
Industrials E&P
24%
9%
35%
50%
14%
23%
5%0%
14% 14%
8%4%
FPI IPOs by Sector Health Care - 9%
TMT - 50%
Consumer/Retail - 23%
Financial Services - 4%
Industrials - 14%
E&P - 0%
Appendix B Foreign Private Issuers
There was a greater percentage of TMT and Consumer/Retail IPOs among FPIs as compared to the overall market.
There was a lower percentage of Health Care IPOs among FPIs as compared to the overall market.
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Deal Size
Under $100mm
31%
27%
32%
41%
$100mm-$249mm
17%
9%
$250mm-$499mm
13%
9%
$500mm-$999mm
7%
14%
$1bn+
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Five-Year FPI Deal Size Trend Analysis 2014-2017
2018
FPIs by Deal Size Under $100mm - 27%
$100mm-$249mm - 41%
$250mm-$499mm - 9%
$500mm-$999mm - 9%
$1bn+ - 14%
Deal size consists of priced amount in base offering and excludes any exercise of over-allotment option.
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Market Capitalization
at Pricing
Small-cap(<$350mm)
10% 0%
47%
32%
Mid-cap($350mm-$1bn)
43%
68%
Large-cap($1bn+)
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Five-Year FPI Deal Size Trend Analysis 2014-2017
2018
Market Cap at Pricing Small-cap (<$350mm) - 0%
Mid-cap ($350mm-$1bn) - 32%
Large-cap ($1bn+) - 68%
Appendix B Foreign Private Issuers
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Deal Execution
Exercise of Over-AllotmentOption
FPI IPOs
Non-FPI IPOs
All IPOs
55%
83%
77%
0% 30% 40%10% 20% 60% 70%50% 100%90%80%
The over-allotment option was exercised in a lower percentage of FPI IPOs than in the overall market.
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Pricing and Aftermarket
Performance
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Average offer:1 day
Average offer:30 days
Average offer:90 days
Average offer:180 days
Aftermarket Performance FPI IPOs
Non-FPI IPOs
All IPOs
9%
73%
18%
FPI IPOs
25%
57%
18%
Non-FPI IPOs
21%
61%
18%
All IPOs
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pricing vs. Range Above range
In range
Below range
Appendix B Foreign Private Issuers
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Time to IPO
FPI IPOs (2018)
Non-FPIs (2018)
FPI IPOs (2014-2017)
Non-FPI IPOs(2014-2017)
All 2018 IPOs
All IPOs (2014-2017)
135
139
139
139
139
153
140
155
Average Submission/Filing to Pricing Time*
2000 50 100 150
*Excludes prior SEC-reviewed issuers and an additional two issuers in 2014, one in 2015, two in 2016, and nine in 2017 with time from first submission/filing to pricing of greater than 18 months.
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Financial Information:
Financial Statements
Years of Audited Financials 2 Years - 73%
3 Years - 27%
Inclusion of Semi-Annual Financial Statements Included - 27%
Not included - 73%
FPIs Inclusion of Quarterly Financial Statements* Included - 5%
Not included - 95%
Years of Selected Financials 2 Years - 73%
3 Years - 23%
4 Years - 4%
5 Years - 0%
Appendix B Foreign Private Issuers
*FPIs are not required to include quarterly financial statements.
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Accounting Method Used IFRS - 9%
U.S. GAAP - 91%
Disclosure of EBITDA and/or Adjusted EBITDA Disclosed - 41%
Not disclosed - 59%
FPIs are permitted to include financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS.
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SEC Comments
Excludes three prior SEC-reviewed issuers.
Average Number of First Round SEC Comments
FPI IPOs
Non-FPI IPOs
All IPOs
28
17
20
0 15 205 10 25 30
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
SEC Comment Subject Matter FPI IPO
Non-FPI IPO
23%
62% 63%
29%
36%
10%
32%
23% 23%29%
CheapStock
RevenueRecognition
SegmentReporting
Non-GAAPFinancial Measures
Exec Comp/Employee
Arrangements
Appendix B Foreign Private Issuers
FPIs received, on average, more comments from the SEC than non-FPIs.
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Secondary Component and
Insiders Purchasing
*Does not include purchases through a DSP.
IPOs with a Secondary Component
FPI IPOs
Non-FPI IPOs
All IPOs
18%
18%
18%
0 30 4010 20 60 7050 1009080
IPOs with Insiders Purchasing*FPI IPOs
Non-FPI IPOs
All IPOs
41%
49%
47%
0 30 4010 20 60 7050 1009080
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Fees and Expenses
*Underwriting fees are the percentage of the IPO base deal that is paid as compensation to the underwriters in the form of a discount or commission.
FPIs IPOs Non-FPI IPOs
$3mm
$2.5mm
$2mm
$1.5mm
$1mm
$0mm
$2.7mm
$1.4mm
$0.3mm
$2.0mm
$0.4mm
$2.1mm
Average Fees and Expenses Average legal fees
Average accounting
fees
Average printing fees
FPI IPOs Non-FPI IPOs
$20mm
$15mm
$10mm
$5mm
$0mm
Average Fees and Expenses Average underwriting
fees*
Average total IPO
expenses
$6.0mm
$14.6mm
$5.5mm
$17.3mm
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