Download - 2014 WMD Sanctions Presentation
UN SanctionsON Iran and DPRK:Implementation Manual
Sponsored by:
The Government of CanadaDepartment of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Global Peace and Security Fund
Coordination:
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PURPOSE
DPRK Sanctions Regime Iran Sanctions Regime
intendedfor free
distribution to representatives of
UN Member States
International organizations Companies and corporations
Searchable reference data
Layperson’s language
Annexed material
Manual is intended
to
Political language of sanctions resolutions Technical language of list of prohibited
commodities
Raise awareness
Inform and educate
Offer on-line sanctions implementation-assistance tools
And offers
to close the gap Between
UN non-proliferation sanctions
Case studies of DPRK and Iran proliferation methodologies Compliance obligations
Catch-all provision
Best sanctions compliance practices for: Member State reporting
Border Control practitionersTransport industry regulators and practitioners Finance industry regulators and practitioners
ContentOf
Manual
Sanctions on Iran – UNSC resolution provisions and exemption procedures
Sanctions on the DPRK – UNSC resolution provisions and exemption procedures
Prohibited nuclear components identification guide
Prohibited nuclear-related dual-use equipment, material, software and related technology
Prohibited ballistic missile technologies identification guide
Prohibited chemical and biological weapons components identification guide
ContentOf
Annexes
Biological weapons use pathogens (diseases) to attack the cells and organs of humans, animals or plants (crops), while toxic weapons use poisons to kill living organisms
Chemical weapons attack the nervous system and lungs of humans, and are usually dispersed by gas, but also may be transmitted through liquids or solids
Manual explains three categories of WMD …
Nuclear weapons areexplosive devices, which deliver high intensity heat, blast, radiation and radioactive fallout
Range of at least 300 km Payload of at least 500 kg
…PlusWMD Delivery Systems
Typically ballistic missiles are the primary means of delivery of nuclear weapons and sometime are also employed to transport other categories of WMD.
Sanctions and Disarmament
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT)
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)
Beyond Sanctions:Containing WMD proliferation Through multilateral treaties
One UN priority: global WMD disarmament
No Treaty but support mechanisms to contain spread of ballistic missiles
Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (HCOC)
Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)
Supporting WMD Disarmament
and Non-proliferation
agenda
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) Implementation Support Unit (ISU) for the Biological Weapons
Convention
MTCR Missile Technology Control RegimeNSG Nuclear Suppliers GroupAG Australia GroupWA Wassenaar Arrangement
1540 Resolution 1540 Panel of Experts
Sanctions against the DPRK and Iran
Iran ratified the NPT in 1970 DPRK ratified the NPT in 1985.
the DPRK withdrew from the NPT in 2003
conducted three nuclear tests in 2006, 2009 and 2013 at the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site
frequent test firings of ballistic missiles
Why
Iran has not cooperated with IAEA,
at times has denied access to inspection teams
frequent test firings of ballistic missile
coercing the DPRK to change its WMD-proliferation policies
coercing Iran to change its suspected proliferation of nuclear and ballistic missile technology
deny and constrain the DPRK in the acquisition of non-conventional and conventional arms
deny and constrain
financing and transportationin support of WMD proliferation and
embargoed conventional arms.
Purposes ofDPRK andIranSanctions
Two-way embargo of conventional arms DPRK: Two-way embargo of WMD Iran: Two-way embargo of nuclear and ballistic missile technology Travel ban against listed individuals Financial sanctions against listed individuals and entities Ban on financial services, transfer of assets or insurances services that could help to support the prohibited WMD-program or the evasion of sanctions Ban on luxury goods
SpecificSanctionsMeasuresOn DPRKAnd Iran
DPRKcurrently listed:
12 individuals 19 entities
Irancurrently listed:
35 individuals 73 entities
P5+1 Joint Plan of Action
Terms of 6-month agreement
Implementation obligation on UN Member States remains in place
So far - no impact on the implementation of UN 1737 sanctions regime
So far - no new sanctions language to ease or lift measures in force
Lists of prohibited items
See Annex III See Annex IV
UN document INFCIRC254Rev.11Part
1 covers nuclear equipment, materials,
technologies
UN document INFCIRC254/Rev. 8/ Part
2 covers the transfer of nuclear-
related dual-use equipment, materials, software, and related
technology
Sanctions against nuclear weapons proliferation
supply of these
restricted items to and from Iran and
DPRK violate
UN Sanctions
See Annex III See Annex IV
Missile Technology Control Regime Annex Handbook of 2010 serves as the basis for the UN list of restricted items, the S/2012/947
No international treaty exists
regulating ballistic missiles
Sanctions against Proliferation of ballistic Missiles technology
See Annex V
Prohibited items, materials, equipment, goods, and technology related to ballistic missile weapons and drone programs
supply of these
restricted items to and from
Iran and DPRK violate
UN-Sanctions
See Annex V
The UN list, document S/2006/853 covers Chemical Weapons Precursors Dual-use chemical manufacturing facilities and equipment and related technology and software Dual-use biological equipment / related technology and software Human and Animal Pathogens and Toxins Plant pathogens
supply Of these restricted
items to the DPRK
violates UN
Sanctions
See Annex VI
Sanctions against the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons
Widely available lower-level technology such as unrestricted components, technology,software,proliferation-relevant information….
The “Catch-all”Provision
….that could meaningfully contribute to the research, development, construction,
use, and maintenance of a WMD program…
…imposes under the “catch-all” provision
on the supplier a regulatory
and legal requirement to obtain
an export license from his government
If answer to any one question is yes = obtain an export license …
Three criteria to “Catch-all”
…will enable unsafeguarded nuclear activities and explosives, design, development, production, stockpilinguse of ballistic missiles, drones, chemical biological weapon…
Do inquiries with the recipient, in the public and confidential records, or past conduct of the recipient of the item give reasons to believe that an export….
…end-usein Iran or the DPRK?
… may create an
unacceptable risk of an
WMD-embargo violation…
…or risk that supply
Of Unlicenseditems to the
DPRKor Iran violates
UN Sanctions
Patterns and methodologiesOf WMD proliferation
Sea-, airport, and road-access To the DPRK
Airports
Road - Rail
Sea Ports
Commercial airline: Air Koryo
Sea-, airport, and road-access To Iran
Commercial airlinesAirports andRoad Access:numerous
Sea Ports
One third of the DRPK’s foreign sales of
WMD technologies appears to go to the Syrian Arab Republic
Identification of government agencies, military
units, auxiliary and parastatal organizations,
front-companies, airline and shipping companies, diplomatic communities and expat networks
Bilateral Memorandum of Understandingto facilitatescientific and technological assistance between the DPRK and the Islamic Republic of Iran
Characteristics of DPRK and Iran Procurement
efforts
High quality valves high-strength carbon fibers Process control equipment
Stainless steel components and cables Stainless steel bellows
Programmable logic controller Process control equipment and software
And Iran
Computer numerically controlled technology Horizontal machining center Ballistic missile design data Liquid propellant engines Cylindrical grinding machines Automatic direct current magnetization characteristics recorder
items of particular
interest to the DPRK
Best WMD-Sanctions Implementation
Practices
Indicators for suspicious activities
Best Practices State Implementation Reporting
Customs and border control practitioners: Recognized Diversion Strategies
Financial Sector, Intermediaries, Insurances and Broker and Regulators
Air and Maritime Transportation industry
Researchers:
Diane Barkley, Aleandro Carisch, William J. Haynes, III, Bryan Knouse, Shawna Meister, Niall P. MurphyLindsey G. Zeichner
Peer Reviewers:
Christine Lee George Lopez
Peter ScottChristine Wing
Acknowledgments
Government of Canada
International Peace Institute
Security Council Report