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Coastal and Estuarine Dynamics in the Arafura Timor Seas
David WilliamsCoastal Oceanography
Australian Institute of Marine ScienceArafura Timor Research Facility
Darwin
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46
6
4
49
4
11
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Once upon a time …….. a long time ago …………
coastal
estuarine
Short term projects
NTC
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Site Length of record
Centre Island 1973 - 1987
Melville Bay (Gove) 1964 – 2006
Aurari Bay 1979 - 1986
Snake Bay 1980 - 1986
Darwin Harbour 1959 – 2012*
Port Keats 1980 – 1986
Milner Bay (Groote-BOM) 1993 -2012*
Coastal Tide gauge network operated by NT Government
Several other sites with a few years of record
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Dept Nat Resources, The Arts & Sport HYPLOT V133 Output 27/04/2011
Period 3 Year 00:00_01/01/1975 to 00:00_01/01/1978 1975-78
G9070122 Centre Island Tide G100.00 2 Day Max & Min Level (m)
G9070122 Centre Island Tide G100.00 1 Month Mean Level (m)
1
2
3
4
5
1975 1976 1977
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Dept Nat Resources, The Arts & Sport HYPLOT V133 Output 28/04/2011
Period 3 Year 00:00_01/01/1995 to 00:00_01/01/1998 1995-98
G8260215 Melville Bay Tide Ga120.00 2 Day Max & Min Tide Level (m)
G8260215 Melville Bay Tide Ga120.00 1 Month Mean Tide Level (m)
0
1
2
3
4
5
1995 1996 1997
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Dept Nat Resources, The Arts & Sport HYPLOT V133 Output 28/04/2011
Period 3 Year 00:00_01/01/1982 to 00:00_01/01/1985 1982-85
G8160007 Snake Bay Tide Gauge100.00 2 Day Max & Min Level (m)
G8160007 Snake Bay Tide Gauge100.00 1 Month Mean Level (m)
1
2
3
4
5
1982 1983 1984
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Dept Nat Resources, The Arts & Sport HYPLOT V133 Output 28/04/2011
Period 3 Year 00:00_01/01/1974 to 00:00_01/01/1977 1974-77
G8150029 Darwin Harbour Tide120.00 2 Day Max & Min Tide Level (m)
G8150029 Darwin Harbour Tide120.00 1 Month Mean Tide Level (m)
-0.2
1.8
3.8
5.8
7.8
9.8
1974 1975 1976
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Dept Nat Resources, The Arts & Sport HYPLOT V133 Output 28/04/2011
Period 3 Year 00:00_01/01/1981 to 00:00_01/01/1984 1981-84
G8130003 Port Keats Tide Gaug100.00 2 Day Max & Min Level (m)
G8130003 Port Keats Tide Gaug100.00 1 Month Mean Level (m)
-0.1
1.9
3.9
5.9
7.9
9.9
1981 1982 1983
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Tide gauges
coastal
estuarine
Short term projects
NTC / AIMS
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South Alligator River – Van Diemens Gulf
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5 m tide range ~ 100 km inland from mouth (6 m range at mouth)
Dept Nat Resources, The Arts & Sport HYPLOT V132 Output 28/04/2010
Period 1 Year Plot Start00:00_01/02/2007 2007/08Interval12 Hour Plot End 00:00_01/02/2008
G8200041 South Alligator R. 100.00 Max & MinLevel (m)
-5
-0
5
10
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan
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Study Location
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Location of tidal bores
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What we hope to achieve
• No previous field studies on tidal bores.• Role of tidal bore on sediment transport not
understood.• Sediment transport / estuarine ecology unknown.• Environmental flow requirements.• Develop sediment transport /water quality models and
contribute to catchment management.
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The Daly River
Level and ADCP
level & S4level & ADCP
level
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Tide levels in the lower estuary. Green line: ocean tide levels, Blue line: inside the mouth near Palmerston Island, Pink line: 10km upstream. Due to the shoals the tidal amplitude reduces with distance upstream and the tides become more asymmetric
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
00:0006:00
12:0018:00
00:0006:00
12:0018:00
00:00
time (hrs)
tid
e l
eve
l (m
)
ocean
inside mouth
10km inside
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Flood dominance
Tide dominance
We found that recent flood did not take sediment out to sea
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1.8
2.3
2.8
3.3
3.8
4.3
4.8
5 6 7
Flood tide asymmetry
Qin = Qout therefore Vin > Vout
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Field trip August 2003 Focus on tidal bore
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1 day tidal bore experiment: July – August 2003And 1 month long estuarine study (August 2003)
1 site for bore
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Safety awards
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4 m/s
Passage of bore
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Undular bore dynamics
Speed
Water level
SSC nephelometers
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Turbulent eddies form after the passage of the bore
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Up and down welling
Horizontal shear Backscatter in shear zone
Downstream of shoal
100
7
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Downwelling occurs on the edge of shears and eddies. Upwelling toward the centre.
Is important for the re suspension of sediment and nutrient.
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boat track 2003 on 1980 map
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Boat track on latest satellite image
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1885 chart
surveyed by Lt Carrington
HMS Palmerston
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Historical evidence for siltation at the mouth.
Compare bathymetric surveys of Carrington (1885) with our surveys in 2004at the RAN tide gauge station
Distance
Depth (m)
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634000 635000 636000 637000 638000 639000 640000 641000 642000
8518000
8519000
8520000
8521000
8522000
8523000
8524000
8525000
8526000
8527000
8528000
8529000
1885 D aly M outh Survey
637000 638000 639000 640000 641000 642000 643000
8519000
8520000
8521000
8522000
8523000
8524000
8525000
8526000
8527000
8528000
8529000
D aly M outh 2004 Survey
637000 638000 639000 640000 641000 642000 643000
8519000
8520000
8521000
8522000
8523000
8524000
8525000
8526000
8527000
8528000
8529000
D aly R iver EstuarySurvey M arch 2006
Comparison of bathymetric surveys 1885 - 2004 - 2007
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Year Volume (m3)
Planar Area(m2)
Volume/Area~mean depth (m)
1885 111,465,813 17,153,758 6.50
2004 95,041,625 23,779,795 4.00
2006 93,030,645 21,731,400 4.28
Dodgy calculations
Need to know LAT derived in 1885
Need to recalculate using a bit more care.
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cage
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Area 1050 km2
Darwin Harbour
Charles Pt
Lee Pt
Gunn Pt
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Area: 620 km2
50 km
Transects
Moorings
Location of measurement sites
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-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00
nth Abuoy
Darwin
Wickham
StormPt
Prawn
Rocks
Darwin Harbour Tide Levels
Outer boundary to upstream Middle Arm
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3.85
3.90
3.95
4.00
4.05
4.10
4.15
4.20
1958 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008
Darwin Harbour
mean Annual
Linear (mean Annual)
1.7 mm / year
R² = 0.1547
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y = 0.0051x + 4.0135R² = 0.2143
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
MM
SL
SOI
SOI v MMSL
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Predicted versus recorded 1974
Effect of cyclonic winds on Christmas eve 1974 reaching >=220 km/hr
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3.85
3.90
3.95
4.00
4.05
4.10
4.15
4.20
1958 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008
Darwin Harbour
mean Annual
Linear (mean Annual)
1.7 mm / year
R² = 0.1547
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Measurements with ADCP
120,000 m3/s
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Darwin Harbour
Model network
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Darwin Harbour
Circulation around headlands and embayments
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Darwin Harbour
Currents near islands
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Sediment Plumes
Distinctive particle traces
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Darwin Harbourdredging disposal proposal
Sediment concentration (mg/L)
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Darwin Harbourdredging disposal proposal
Sediment concentration (mg/L)
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0 1020
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160170180190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340350
0%
4%
8%
12%
16%
<=0.2
>0.2 - 0 .4
>0.4 - 0 .6
>0.6 - 0 .8
>0.8 - 1
>1 - 1 .2
>1.2 - 1 .4
>1.4
D arw in N R S Septem ber 2009
Sediment import – 34t / m / month
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0 1020
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160170180190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340350
0% 4% 8% 12% 16%
>0 - 0 .2
>0.2 - 0 .4
>0.4 - 0 .6
>0.6 - 0 .8
>0.8
East A rm near B laydin P t
Sediment import – 9t / m / month
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0 1020
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160170180190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340350
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10%
>0 - 0 .2
>0.2 - 0 .4
>0.4 - 0 .6
>0.6 - 0 .8
>0.8 - 1
>1 - 1 .2
>1.2 - 1 .4
>1.4
H udson C k deploym ent 1
Sediment export– 17t / m /month
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Year 2009 day 200 hour 0.0002000.
0.20
East Arm
Residual currents – 1 lunar tide cycle
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Understanding Flushing Characteristics
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IXSURVEY Darwin Projects
New Technology First Darwin Port Corporation Surveys using modern
multi-beam technology Requires a tightly integrated survey system
comprising: Multibeam Echosounder Motion and Heading Reference Unit GPS 1 PPS timing
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Changes in shallow sounding technology Leadline
2 soundings / minute Single Beam
20 soundings / second Multibeam
2000 soundings + / second
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Jan 2010 First Darwin Survey Charles Point Patches LNG Terminal East Arm
Charles Point Patches
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Jan 2012 Check Survey on
Charles Point Patches
required due to changes
Charles Point Patches
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Combined Master Surface
Included 3rd party data
Deconfliction Most recent Least depth
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74
IXSURVEY Darwin Projects
Hydrographic Survey Products High resolution bathymetry
Navigation safety Object / wreck detection Modelling for large vessel movements Modelling currents and water movement Modelling sediment movement
Sonar Backscatter Sediment classification Benthic Habitat Mapping
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75IXSURVEY Darwin Projects
High Resolution Bathymetry
USS Peary
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76IXSURVEY Darwin Projects
Entrance to Middle Arm – Looking South
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77IXSURVEY Darwin Projects
Sonar Backscatter
Elizabeth River
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Northern Australian Observation System
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Conclusion
There are a few basic requirements
•Tides
•Bathymetry
•Currents
•River flows
•Sediment properties
•Other physical, chemical and biological parameters