Download - 20100309 - Climate Change’s Strategy for Jakarta in Land Use and Transportation Aspect ed
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Proposal for Climate Changes Strategy for Jakarta in
Land Use and Transportation Aspect
Written by:
1 Tanuwidjaja, Gun awan
1MSc. Environmental Management (NUS), S.T. (ITB)
Urban Planner & Researcher,
Green Impact IndonesiaIntegrated Urban, Drainage and Environ mental Pl anning and DesignEmail: [email protected]://greeni mpactindo.w ordpress .com/about/
Introduction
Clim ate change is recognised as the major threat to the world. Thi s
phenomenon was mainly caused by g reenhouse gase s productions from
anthropogenic activitie s, i.e. urbanisation, industriali sation and agricultural activities
in the centu ry. This was repo rted by The International Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) in 2001. IPCC stated that the global temperature ha s risen to 0.6 0.2C in
the 19th century (Houghton 2001). 1 The trend i s depicted in following figures.
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Figure 1: Variations of the Earth s surface temperature for past 140 and 1000 years.
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Figure 2: Indicators of the human influence on the atmosphere during the industr ial area.
Other the cl imate change effects that predicted to coincide with temperature
increase are increased number of hot days annually, higher minimum temperatures,
more intense precipitations, ri sing sea level, increased ri sk of draughts, and
increased cyclone/ hurricane intensities and occurren ces.4
And main direct potential impacts of the phenomenon are:
- increased death and il lness because of heat stroke or infectious di sease
- increased energy demand for cooling
- increased flood, landslide, avalanche, and mudsli de
- decreased crop yield
- decreased water resource quantity and quali ty
- increased of fo rest fire
- decreased hydropower poten tial in drought-p rone areas
Further, McCarthy (eds) 2001 showed that the annual economic losses from
the major weather catastrophes has increased 10 times from the 1950s to the 1990s,
reaching US$40 billion (in 1999 constant price ). And although the insuran ce
companies cove red up to US$9.2 bil lion annually during the same period, and the
ratio of prem iums to cat astrophe losses fell by two-thirds. This shows the potential of
greater losses f rom the climate change im pact. 5
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Figure 3: The costs of catastrophic weather events in recent decades.
On the other hand, rapid urbani sations happened all over the world. From
30% in 1950, urban world populati on had grown t rem endously to reach 50% in 2007.
Even it was predicted to reach 60% in 2030 (Schultz 2006).6 This created the Mega
Cities in developing countries. These cities are normally inhabited by more than 5
million persons. Fu rthe r, i t was estimated that by 2015, 60 Mega Cities wil l be
present which cate r 600 m illion people. And most of them are located in Asia, i .e.
Singapore, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Mumbai, Bangkok and Manila.
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Figure 4: Locations of Mega Cities in 2000.
Figure 5: Predicted Locations of Mega Cities in 2015.
Further related to Climate Change, Mega Cities, which mostly located
adjacent to the coasts or estuaries, are predicted to be more vulnerable to cyclones,
high winds flooding, coastal erosion and deposition, and sea-level rise (Nicholl s
1995, Rosenzweig & Solecki 2001). 9 And it actually will cause greater impact of
clim ate change to human population.
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One of example of the major catastrophes is the New Orleans. The City is
located in the low flood plain s of America. On the 28 th August 2005, Category 5
Katrina struc k the ci ty with the speed of 175 mph. The hurricane kil led 1,464 persons
and affected 600,000 houses and 6,000 businesses. The damages were eno rmous
because 70% the city i s below sea -level and poor le vees cannot su stain the surge. 10
Total losses of Katrina were p redicted to reach $100 Bil li on by the Financial Times.
11
Mega Cities in Asia, i.e. Jakarta, Manila, Bangkok, etc, currently deal with
basic needs of theirs inhabitants. The poverty, traffic jams, poor infrastructures, a nd
floods a re the main issues evolving in the cities. But because o f serious clim ate
change impact, strategic measures in fighting it should be taken by the mega cities
municipals as well as other stakeholders of the cities. And thi s fo rms the research
rationale which i s prescribing the strategic effort for mega cities in mitigating climate
change.
Research Problems
Major contributors of greenhouse gases emission are emissions of vehicle in
Mega Cities. Due to increasing population using p rivate vehicle s, the emi ssions could
become great and greate r. Without sustainable mass transpo rtation planning and
management in place, we bel ieve that thi s problem could not be solved. And it can
be concluded th at the integrat ed st rategy should be prescribed for Mega Cities in
general and Jakarta case study in particular.
Jakarta i s the capital city of Indonesia and the largest metropolitan in South
East Asia. It is currentl y inhabited by app roximately 8 million persons, within area of
600 square km s. 12 Because of Jakarta rapid economic development, the city was
developed in the fast pace. But due to the unintegrated planning process and less
stringent development control, Jakarta evolv ed in unsustainable way, which mainly
related traffic jams, air pollutions, u rban slum s and flooding.
Related to the climate change, Jakarta faced severe air pollution which
caused mainly by the increasing of number of vehicles. The total number of motor
vehicles in Jakarta has grown from 2,478,934 in 1995 to 5.1 mi llion in 2006. And the
motorcycles compri sed the bul k (Polda Metro Jaya 2000 and Febrina 2006). There
were 2.5 mi llion motorcycles, 1.3 mil lion cars, 400,000 cargo vehicles, and more than
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250,000 buses (US Embassy Jakarta 2006). Approximately 71% of Jakartas citizens
use motorized t ransport and 55% rely on public transport se rvices (ADB 2002). 13
The air pol lution imposed costs of at least $400 million on the Indonesian
economy every year. Thi s was concluded from World Bank Study. Apparently, the air
pollution has degraded public health, particularly respiratory tract inflam mation.14 The
root of this pollution was the ab sence of sustainable transpo rtation planning and
management.
Several present climate change initiatives were i dentified. One of them is the
Clean Air Initiatives fo r Asian Cities. The study was conducted by the Stockholm
Environment Institute's (SEI) cent re at the University of York (UK) and the Clean Air
Initiative for Asia Cities (CAI-Asia ). It provided the overview and assessment of the
present status of in urban air polluti on management in 20 key citie s in the Asian
region, including Jakarta. The stud y concluded that Jakarta could be categorized as
City with evolving capacity fo r Air Quali ty Management (AQM). It means that there
were efforts to put systematic approach to AQM, normally with foreign support.
Further, Air Quality (AQ) monitoring was done with continuous monitoring.
Unfo rtunately, ai r pollution levels of Jakarta were ca tegorized as high but stable and
more AQM measures need to be enfo rced.15
In the bigger picture, the study revealed that Cities with better economic
status and well-developed AQM systems would have better air quality than cities with
a poorly developed AQM system. It was also concluded that more efforts must be
done to develop the methods for conducting emission invento rie s and source
identification studies,
Further, study of Asi an Development Bank and the Clean Air Ini tiative for
Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Center in 2006 prescribed the National Strategy and Action
Plan for Air Quali ty Improvement in the Indonesians Country Synthe si s Report on
Urban Air Quali ty Management.16
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Figure 6. National Strategy and Action Plan f or Air Quality Improv ement
Apparently, the st rategy of implementing integrated transportation system and
urban land-use rational ization from the study above was partially adopted by t he
Jakarta Province Government. They invested in the bus rapid transit (BRT) system
called Tran sJakarta which was first opened in January 2004. Three corridors
operated were: corridor I (Blok M-Kota ), corridor II (Pulogadung-Harm oni), and
corridor III(Harmoni-Kalideres). Further, Four corridors were constructed in 2006 and
launched by January 2007 (Berita Jakarta 2006). It used 56 high-platform air-
conditioned Euro 2 compliant diesel buses capable of carrying 83 passengers each.
As of 2005, TransJakarta ridership reached the 65,000 passengers per day on
weekdays and 45,000 passengers per day on weekends (Wi kipedia 2005).17
Unfo rtunately, lots of effo rt need to be done related to implementation of
integrated transportation and land use system. Further, resea rche s of the exi sting
traffic pattern and i ts relationship with u rban land use need to be conducted. Thi s
understanding will provide the basi s of strategy of improvement existing public
transport and future strategy for climate change. And this i s the rationale of thi s
research.
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Purpose of Research
The purposes of the research are:
-Researching va rious relationship between t ransportation pattern and land use in
Jakarta
- Researching the travel preferences of residents in Jakarta
- Developing an integrated t ransportation-land use planning and management
strategy for Jakarta
- Developing urban land use management st rategy, i.e. u rban development cont rol
and land banking strategy
- Prescribing guideline/ framework of integrated transportation-land use planning
and management in Mega Cities
Research M ethodology
The research could be done in the foll owing sequence, i.e.
- Defining aims and purpose of the research
- Literature Study of the previous sustainabili ty studies in Jaka rta related to
Clim ate Change
- Literature Study of the relationships of climate change and integrated
transportation-land use planning and management strate gy
- Sample data collection of traffic pattern and it s relationship to land u se i n Jakarta
- Sample data collection of the travel prefe rences
- Collecting secondary data of air quali ty in Jakarta
- Analysing the relationship of integrated transportation -land use planning and
management strategy to the reduction of greenhouse gases with GIS
- Prescribing the integrated t ranspo rtation and land use strategy for Jaka rta
- Validating the result with Experts Consultation and Small -Group Stakeholders
Consultation
- Evaluation of the GIS simulation and strategy
- Prescribing framework of integrated transportation-land use planning and
management in Mega Cities
- Publication and Di ssem ination of the results
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Conclusion
Integrated transportation-land use planning and m anagement strategy are
crucial component for reducing em ission of greenhouse gases that contribute to
clim ate change. Unfo rtunately in Jakarta and other Mega Cities in developingcountrie s, the efforts were not implemented seriously. This i s mostly because of
limited knowledge and funding. But with the Clean Development Mechanism of
Kyoto Protocol these mitigations could be implemented with international
coll aboration with various donors. We believe that thi s particular research could
develop the f ram ework of integrated t ransportation-land use planning and
management i n mega cities.
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The Writers DescriptionI. Personal Information
Full name : Gunawan Tanuwidjaja
e-mail : [email protected]
website : http://gr eenimpacti ndo.word press.com/
Mobile Phone : +62 812 212 208 42 (Indonesia)
Place of Bir th : Bandung
Date of Birth : 08 of August 1978
Sex : Male
Nationality : Indonesian
Mother Language : Indonesian
Language Skill : Indonesian, English
II. Education Backgrounds
Formal Education
Name ofInstitution
City/CountryStudy T ime
(Months/Years)Graduated from
(M onth and Year)Specializat ion GPA
NationalUniversit yofSingapore
Singapore 1 year October 2006MSc
EnvironmentManagement
3.86
from scaleof 5
BandungInstitute of
Technology(Institut
TeknologiBandung)
Bandung /Indonesia
5 years July of 2001 Bachelor ofArchitecture
2.73
from scaleof 4
III. Informa l Education
StudyT ime (Y ears) Name of Institution Course Name & Spe cialization
2008 Singapore Institute of Planner Spatial Planning for a SustainableSingapore (1-day se minar)
2008 Lee Kuan Yew School Of Public Polic y "Lesso ns Not to Learn fro m AmericanCities" by Prof Alan Altshuler (Half-dayseminar)
2007 National Uni versit y of Singapore, Fac ultyofEngineering, P AC (Professional Acti vitiesCentre)
Short Course On "A Z Of Oil & GasTo Petrochemicals ( 3-days seminar)
2007 Singapore Institute of Planner Destinati on Resorts, T he Next Wave
(1-day seminar)
2007 Singapore Institute of Planner, MalaysiaInstitute of Pl anner and Uni versiti
Kebangsaan Malaysi a
Seminar of Planning of Is kandarDevelopment R egion (1-d ayseminar)
2001 The Bri tish Institute IELTS Prep aration Co urse
2000 Language Cen ter ITB English Writing Course
1999 Gradasi Bulletin Student Union ofArchitect ure G unadharma ( IMA-Gunadharma)
Journal istic Traini ng
1997 Architect ure Depart ment ITB AutoC ad R 14 Training
1993-1995 Saint Angelas English Course English Course level C6 to C11
1990-1992 Saint Angelas English Course English Course l evel J 2 to J5
IV. Working Exper ience
Name ofInstitute/Companies
City/ Countries Position Job Description ContractPeriods
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Name ofInstitute/Companies
City/ Countries Position Job DescriptionContractPeriods
Green Impact In donesia
Integrated Urban,Drainage and
Environmental PlanningConsult ant
Bandung Manager Team Leader and
Urban Pl anner
March 2003 to
now
Agency for Researchand De velopment,Institu te of Water
Resources, Ministry ofPublic Wor ks, Republic of
Indonesi a,
Bandung Urban Pl anni ngand Management
Expert
Assistant October 2008 tonow
Jurong Consulta nts PteLtd., Planning Division
Singapore Planner Physical Planner November 2006to October 2008
National Par ks Board,
Republic of Singapore
Singapore Intern Researcher July 2006 to
Aug 2006
Agency for Researchand De velopment,Institu te of Water
Resources, Ministry ofPublic Wor ks, Republic of
Indonesi a,
Bandung/ Indonesia JuniorResearcher
GIS E xpertAssistant (Arc View3.2), in Pol der Team
Jan 2005 - A ug2005
Satyamitra J asapuriEngineering
Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect,Estimator
House, Factory andCaf Design
Aug 2003 - Dec2004
PT. Tr initas Buana Ut ama Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect Apart ment Design Aug 2002 - Aug2003
PT. Imesco Dito Jakarta/ Indonesia Junior Architect Junior Archit ect Jan 2002 Aug2002
COMBINE Bandung/ Indonesia JuniorResearcher
Urban DevelopmentResearch,
especi ally on Ur banGarbage
Management
Aug 2001 - Jan2002
CV. Cipta Bina Sar ana Bandung/ Indonesia Wor k Trainee Junior Architect May- J uly 2001
ASPEK Bandung/ Indonesia Progr am
FacilitatorCommunityRecovery
Program (CRP-HUI) in RW 11,
CibangkongDistrict
Garbage
Management ,Mechanis m Makingand Contr olling ofCooperati ve Credit
Unit
Jan 2000 - A ug
2001
V. Research, Planning & Design Works
Name of Proj ect Position Year
Under Green Impact Indonesia
Assistance f or Directorate ofSpati al Planning, Public Works
Department (2009), Sus tainableUrban Impro vement Program
(SUSIP) - Executive Presentation
Team Leader and Urban Planner Dec 2009
Drainage Master PlanRevit alisation in Summarecon,
Kelapa Gading, J akart a, I ndonesia
Team Leader and Urban Planner Apr D ec 2009
Hospital Pr eliminar y Design andStudy in Pangalengan, West Ja va,Indonesi a (Proposal to KPBS, Milk
Producer Cooperative in
Pangalengan)
Team Leader and Senior Archit ect Apr Aug 2009
Community Based D evelopmentRevitalisation in PT Newmont
Nusa Tenggara, Sumba, Nusa
Team Leader and Environmentalis t Aug 2009
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Name of Proj ect Position Year
Tenggara Barat, I ndonesia(Proposal)
Traditional Market Mapping, GISDatabase and Analysis i n theframework of Implementing
Presidential Decree No 112/2007on Development of Traditional
Market and Rel ocation of ModernMarket in I ndonesia (Pro posal toMinistry of Trade of Republic of
Indonesi a)
Team Leader and Urban Planner Aug 2009
Integrat ed Water Resources
Management Plan f or Barang kalRiver, sub catchment of Brantas
River Basin, i n relation with SocialAspect and Institution Capacity
Building (Proposal to JICA)
Team Leader and Environmentalis t Aug 2009
9 Pearl Elementary School inBandung
Team Leader and Architect 2003
Propos al 99ers Radio School(Proposal)
Team Leader and Architect 2003
Under Jurong Consultants Pt e
Ltd.
Preliminary Study and BriefDevelopment C oncept of QEZ3,Petrochemical Complex, Qatar
Planner 2007 to 2008
Dera Bassi Detailed Master Plan,Greater Mohali Area, Punjab, India
Planner 2007 to 2008
Libya Africa Economic City Planner 2007 to 2008
Wonogiri Indus trial Park, Indonesia(Guanxi State Far m - Biofu el Pla nt)
Planner 2007 to 2008
Master Plan An Tay Industrial
Servic e Ce ntre
Planner 2007
Master Plan Zhangzhou WaterfrontCity, China
Assi stant Pla nner 2006-2007
Master Plan AMRL Internati onalTech City, T amil Nadu, India
Assis tant Planner 2007
W ith MSc EnvironmentalManagement P rogram
Neotiewpia Ec o Vill age Mas terPlan in Kranji Singapore
Planner & Environmentalist 2006
Under SJP Engineering
BTC Caf Junior Architect 2004
Kopomas Fac tor y Junior Archit ect 2004
Private Houses Bandung Junior Architect, Desig nDevelopment
2003 2004
Under PT. Trinitas Bu an a Utama
Rental Houses in Bandung Studio Co ordinator 2002 2003
Bukit Resik Exclusive Aparment Studio Co ordinator 2002 2003
Site Pl an S. Par man EliteHousing
Studio Co ordinator 2002
Under PT. Imesco Dito
Private Houses i n Jakarta Junior Archit ect 2002
Freelance Proj ect
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Name of Proj ect Position Year
Cibangkong LowCost Housing,Bandung Indonesia
Final Year Student 2001
Design Development of KARANGSETRA Hot el, S pa an d Cot tages,Bandung Indonesia under Cipta
Bina Sarana
Junior Architect, D esig nDevelopment
2001
Master Plan of C ipulir Housing SitePlan, Ja kart a under Prof Ir.
Danisworo
Junior Archit ect 2001
VI. Awards, Prestige, Activities, and Publication
Awards/Prestig e
Best Dissert ation Prizes from Shell, MEM National Uni versity of Singapore, 2006-2007
Shell Grant Bursar yHolder in MEM Na tional Uni versi ty of Singapore , 2005-2006
Second Champion of Design Competition of Informal Traders Stand held byTh eMunicipal\ Go vern ment of Kot a Bandung, Praksis dan IMA-Gunadharma ITB Year 2001
Activities Bandung Independent Living Center (B ILIC)
2003 - 2 004 : Voluntary Attendant for Difable (Disable) Person
2003 : Coordi nator Research T eam in Accessibility Issue for Difable (Disabl e) Perso n in SeveralLocation in Bandung
Forum Gelar Kota Bandung (City Devel opment Discussion Foru m)
2002 : Foru m Gel ar Kota Secretariat2001 : Juni or Researcher
Ikatan Mahasiswa Arsitektur Gunadhar ma IT B (Gunadharma Student Union of Architect ureDepart ment o f ITB)
2001 Member of L egislative Bodies of IMA - Gunadharma
Member of Sus tainable Hu man S ettlement Discussi on Group
Co ordin ator of TOR Team of Sustainable Human Settl ement Seminar
1999 2000 Coordinator of Gra dasi (Archit ect ure Bulletin of IMA-G)
OSIS SMAK I BPK Penabur (Student Union of B PK Penabur Senior H igh School)
OSIS SMP St Aloysius (Student Uni on of St Al oysius Junior High School)
Publication s Integration of Sustainable Pl anni ng Policy and D esign of Low-Cost Apartment, i n the Context ofSustai nable Urban Development, National Seminar of Low-Cost A part ment, MaranathaUniversity, Bandung, Indonesia, 2009.
Bamboos as Sus tainabl e and Affordable Mat erial for Housing as one of alternatife material of L ow-
Cost Apartment, Nati onal Seminar of Lo w-Cost Apartment, Maranatha U niversity, Bandung,Indonesi a, 2009.
Guidelines f or Developing Polder System in Indonesia, Agenc y for Research and De velopment,Institu te of Water Resources, Ministr y of Public Works, Republic of Indonesia, 2008-2 009.
Developi ng a Landscape Evaluation Tool for Developing Countries, Case Studies Bi ntan Island,Indonesi a, MSc Environment M anagement Program, National Uni versity of Singap ore (Bes tDisser tation Award)
Report of Research in Accessibilit y Issue for Difab le (Disable) Person in S everal Locationin Bandung
Reports of Bandung Urban Discussion Forum on Urban Solid W aste Managem ent, J anuary2002.
Reports of Bandung Urban Discussion Forum in Housing Ne eds, August 2001.
Thesis of Design Studio, Cas e of Low Economy Flat for C ibang kong Village, Bandung, Indonesia(Kelurahan Cibang kong), Theme Pat tern Language Arc hitect ure
Semi nar Report of Housing Developme nt Based on Lo wEc onomy People.
1 Houghton J. T. et al. (eds.), Cli mate Change 2001: The Scientif ic Basis, Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, p.101, http://www.ipcc.c h
2http://www.ipcc.ch
3ibid
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4http://www.gbn.com/climatec hange/ImpactsOfClimateChange.pdf
5McC arthy J.J. et al. (eds), Technical Summary, Climate Change 2001: I mpacts, Adaptati on,
and Vulnerability , The Inte rgovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p.42, http://www.i pcc.ch6
Schult z, Bart, Opportunities and Threats for Lowland Development, Concepts fo r Water
Management, Flood Protection and Multifunctional Land-Use. In Proceedings of the 9
th
Inter-Regional Conference on Env ironment-Water, 17 - 19 May, 2006.
and
http://www.ye arofplanetearth. org/content/downloads/Megacities.pdf
7http://www.megacities.uni-koeln. de/documentation/megacity /map/MC-2000-PGM. jpg
8 http://www.megaciti es.uni-koeln. de/documentation/megacity /map/MC-2015-PGM. jpg
9 http://www.k as.d e/uploa d/dokumente/megacities/Vulnerabi lity of GloballCit ies.p df
10 www.c nn.c om
and
http://www.dhh.l ouis iana.gov /off ices/page.asp?ID=192 &Detail=5248
11 www.inflationdata.com
12Demographics and Civ il Records Serv ice: Populati on of the Prov ince of Jakart a January
200813
http://www.cle anairnet.o rg/c aiasia/1412/csr/indonesia.pdf14
http://www. eia.doe.gov /emeu/ca bs/indoe.html15
http://www.cle anairnet.o rg/c aiasia/1412/channel.html
16op.cit. 13
17ibid.