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The Battle of Trafalgar 1
Battle of Trafalgar
Colin
Schunker
Lord Viscount Horatio Nelson
Admiral Villeneuve
Nelsons
Coat of Arms
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The Battle of Trafalgar 2
Call to Arms!
ENGLAND EXPECTS THAT EVERY MAN WILL
DO HIS D U T Y
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The Battle of Trafalgar 3
Other Signals
TELEGRAPH FLAGENGAGE THE ENEMY
MORE CLOSELY
(Hoisted with the earlier signal) Note: This signal was not hoisted
until after Nelsons Signal was
taken down.
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The Battle of Trafalgar 4
Nelsons Legacy
Britannia Rules the Waves!
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The Battle of Trafalgar 5
Nelsons Legacy
Memorials to Lord Nelson
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The Battle of Trafalgar 6
Nelsons True Legacy!
More Memorials to Lord Nelson
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Historical Overview
Nearly 200 years after it was fought, the battle ofTrafalgar is still regarded as one of historys most decisivenaval battles.In the early summer of 1805 Napoleon Bonaparte decidedto invade England.
The British knew that the only way to stop Napoleons plan was by defeating the French in a naval battle.The French had teamed up with the Spanish fleet to increase their chances of defeating the British.
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Historical Overview
Admiral Nelson, on board HMS Victory was in command of the British fleet.
His French counterpart Vice Admiral Pierre de Villeneuve, commanded the Franco-Spanish fleet.
The British had blockaded the French and Spanish ports effectively immobilizing theFrench and Spanish fleets
Napoleon knew that to invade England meant controlling the seas and gave orders forthe fleets in Brest, Toulon and Ferrol to break out
After an aborted attempt Villeneuve managed to evade Nelson and sailed for the West
Indies
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The British Blockade
Brest
Bolougne
Rochefort
ToulonFerrol
Cadiz
British Blockading Fleet
ATLANTIC OCEAN
French
British
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The Chase
Cadiz
Canary Islands
Cape Verde
Martinique
Bermuda
Azores
ATLANTIC OCEAN
AFRICA
NORTHAMERICA
SOUTHAMERICA
EUROPE
VilleneuveNelson
Villeneuve escapes Toulon30th Marchilleneuve Departs Cadiz9th April for the WestIndies
Villeneuve Arrives Martinique 16th May -Departs 10th June
Ferrol
TrafalgarNelson Departs Cadiz on 10thMay in pursuit of VilleneuveNelson Arrives Martinique 4th June -Departs 13th June
Toulon
Nelson sets off inpursuit - mistakenlytowards Egypt.
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The Final Blockade
Cadiz
Cape
Trafalgar
Straits of Gibraltar
Combined French &Spanish Fleets
Communication chain
of ShipsThe Frigates
Main body of
Nelsons Fleet
Cape St. Vincent
Nelson arrived off Cadiz to join
Collingwood
Nelsons frigates watched while he
cruised off shore in an attempt to drawthe Combined Fleet
In response to a threat from
landward Napoleon ordered Villeneuve
to sail into the Mediterranean to
support operations
The impending battle was looming
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The Battle of Trafalgar 12
Battle Plan and Tactics
Opposing fleets usually sailed into battle in line ahead in two parallel lines.
Each ship would then take on one of the opposing ships.
Broadsides would be fired between the combatants.
The battle was won or lost dependent on the skill of the gunners or when they struck
their colors or the opposing fleet just sailed away from the battle.
These tactics seldom resulted in a decisive victory for either side although casualties
were high.
Nelson broke from tradition and broke his fleet into three groups.
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The Battle of Trafalgar 13
Nelsons Touch
Nelson expected to be outnumbered 46 ships to 40Nelson summonsed his captains and outlined his plan; theywere pleased with the innovative planThe plan was to divide the British fleet into three separatelinesTwo major lines of 16 ships eachAn advanced squadron of eightThe two 16 ship units were to divide the enemy line in half,thus concentrating 32 British versus 23 enemy ships.
The other 8 British ships were to engage in a separate battle with the other half of the enemy lineOne of the two 16 ship units attacked sections of the enemy line the other would attack the enemy at right angles, break throughthe lines and cut off retreatDangerous tacticsbut they paid offThese tactics were to change the course of naval warfare as it was known then
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The Battle of Trafalgar 14
Breaking The Line
Above: British ship crosses battle line of Franco-Spanish fleet.
Spics
Limey Bastards
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The Battle of Trafalgar 15
Tactics
Traditional Broadside Tactics Nelsons Raking Tactics
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The Battle of Trafalgar 16
A Typical Ship of the Line
Above:: Example of a triple deck Ship of the Line.
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The Battle of Trafalgar 17
A Typical Ship of the Line
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The Battle of Trafalgar 18
A Typical Ship of the Line
HMS VICTORYType: 'First rate' ship-of-the-line. The British naval
term "first rate" applied to a ship with at least 100
guns.
Crew: 820
HMS VICTORY REDOUTABLE
LE REDOUTABLEType: 'Third rate', with 74 guns. Smaller than the
Victory, her name translates as "formidable,
tremendous - with an element of fear".
Crew: 634
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The Battle of Trafalgar 19
Canon Used at Trafalgar
A typical 32 pounder fired a shot just under 6 in diameter and with a full charge of 10 lb 11oz could make an extreme
range of 2000 yds
A carronade on the other hand was short barreled with limited range.
Being lighter it was mounted on a higher deck
Victorys2x68 pounder carronades were mounted on the focsle and unleashed a storm of grapeshot into the French
flagship
Ammunition consisted of roundshot canister grapeshot, bar shot and chain shot, each for a particular purpose
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The Battle of Trafalgar 20
Firepower
Using 32,24,18,12 pound canons and 68 pound smashers capable of firing both shot and grape shot which
inflicted serious injuries and considerable damage to ships and men on both sides
An 18 pound shot at 30 yards would penetrate 4xoak planks 32.5 thick showering splinters up to 30 yards
A 32 pounder fired with grape shot from 300 yards could penetrate 4 of oak
Muskets with a range of 200yds were used by both opposing forces mainly by the Marines which inflicted
heavy casualties from sharp shooters strategically positioned in the rigging Cutlass, tomahawks pikes, and pistols (range 30 yds) were the main weapon used by boarding parties
Prepare to repel boarders meant fierce and heavy hand-to-hand fighting which often resulted in
horrendous wounds more often than not resulting in a slow agonizing death
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The Battle of Trafalgar 21
The Commanders
Above: Lord Nelson Above: Admiral CollingwoodAbove: Admiral Pierre Villeneuve
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The Battle of Trafalgar 22
Prelude to Battle
The Spanish fleet was demoralized at being blockaded for such a long period inactivity had taken its toll
The Combined fleet sailed with 1700 sick men on board
The Spanish ships were manned mostly by soldiers and beggars pressed ganged from the slums of Cadiz
Spanish gunners had never fired from a rolling ship
Spanish Captains resented being under the command of a French Admiral
Villeneuve did not have the confidence of Napoleon and was to be replaced by Rosily
The British Jack Tars were seasoned campaigners
They were aggressive fighting men by instinct Ruled by strict discipline from autocratic Captains they were magnificent sailors and excellent gunners
Out numbered and out gunned they were spoiling for a fight. This signal gave them the resolve
The French and Spanish are out at last, they outnumber us in ships and guns and men: we are on the eve of the
greatest sea fight in history."
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The Battle of Trafalgar 23
The Opposing Fleets1200hrs 21stOctober, 1805
French & Spanish Line
Nelson's Column
Collingwood's Column
ATLANTIC OCEAN
C. Trafalgar
The Two Columns
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The Battle of Trafalgar 24
The Opposing Fleets1200hrs 21stOctober, 1805
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The Battle of Trafalgar 25
The Commencement of Battle
Th B l
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The Battle of Trafalgar 26
The Battle
There was an impending sense of doom as Nelson believed he would not survive the battle
He wrote his Will in anticipation of his death
As the Combined Fleet sailed slowly in light winds and although Villeneuve guessed what form Nelsons attack
would take he failed to specify any defensive tactics to his captains
The Combined Fleet had the Neptunoin the rear and the San Juan de Nepomucenoin the van
Villeneuve on the Bucentaurewas signaled by the Hermionethat the British fleet was in sight and instead of
continuing to Gibraltar decided to return to Cadiz
The Combined Fleet had to reform the line of battle in the opposite directionThe first shot was fired at noon by the Fougueuxat the Royal Sovereignwho then returned fire 15 minutes later
raking the Santa Annafrom stem to stern inflicting heavy casualties
Nelson in freshly laundered uniform with ribbons and medals then ordered the famous message
ENGLAND EXPECTS THAT EVERY MAN WILL DO HIS DUTY
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The Battle of Trafalgar 27
The Battle1200hrs 21stOctober, 1805 Neptuno
Scipion
Formidable
Duguay - Trouin
Mont-Blanc
Rayo
San Augustin
San Francisco de Asis
HerosSantissima Trinidad
Bucentaure
RedoubtableSan Justo
Neptune
San LeandroSanta Anna
IndompableFouguex
Pluton Monarca
Algersiras
Bahama
MontanesAigleSwiftsure
Argonaughte
ArgonaugtaSan Ildefonso
Achille
Principe de Asturias
BerwickSan Juan Nepomuceno
Intrepide
Weather Column Admiral
Nelson
Lee Column Admiral
Collingwood
Frigates
Africa
Frogs
Spics
Limey Bastards
Cl Q t E t
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The Battle of Trafalgar 28
Close Quarter Engagement1300 hrs 21stOctober, 1805
Frogs
Spics
Limey Bastards
Redoutable
Temeraraire
Fougueux
Victory
San Francisco de Asis
Pluton
Bucentaure
Santissma Trinidad
Principe de Asturias
ATLANTIC OCEAN
C. TrafalgarRoyal Sovereign
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The Battle of Trafalgar 29
Battle of Trafalgar
Close Action Around 1300hrs
1245hrs 21stOctober, 1805
Neptune (FR)
Redoubtable
Bucentaure
Victory
Neptune (BR)
Temeraire
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The Battle of Trafalgar 30
Battle of Trafalgar
Close Action Around 1330hrs
1300hrs 21stOctober, 1805
Neptune (FR)
Redoubtable
Bucentaure
Victory
Neptune (BR)
Temeraire
SantissmaTrinidad
Frogs
Spics
Limey Bastards
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The Battle of Trafalgar 31
The Final Blow
The battle see sawed all day with individual skirmishes taking
place
The dying wind and with masts shot away engagement was
determined by who drifted by
Much bravery was noted on that day
The Intrepidewas singled out by the British captains for her
bravery in the face of overwhelming odds
Finally the British ships gained the upper hand with the Combined fleet either striking their colors or sailing away
Meanwhile the surgeons were doing their best for Nelson
Captain Hardy reported to Nelson that the battle was won
Those immortal words were spoken by Nelson Thank God I have done my duty
He succumbed to his wounds and died at 1630
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The Battle of Trafalgar 32
Fatalities and Casualties
The speed at which the Royal Navy gun crews loaded and fired was much higher than the Combined fleet a factor
in higher casualty figures for the enemy
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The Battle of Trafalgar 33
Fatalities and Casualties
The British lost 449 men killed with 1249 wounded some of whom subsequently died; this translated to just
over 25% or 3 wounded for every one killed
The Combined Fleet lost 4408 men killed and 2545 wounded or 55%;for every four wounded 5 were killed
For those days it was a very high kill rate
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The Battle of Trafalgar 34
The FleetsBritish Ships (Guns)
French Ships (Guns) Spanish Ships (Guns)
Victory (100)
Scipion (74) Neptuno (80)
Tmraire (98)
Formidable (80) Rayo (100)
Neptune (98)
Duguay-Trouin (74) San Francisco de Asis (74)
Conqueror (74)
Mont-Blanc (74) San Augustin (74)
Leviathan (74)
Intrpide (74) Santissima Trinidad (136)
Britannia (100)
Indomptable (80) San Leandro (64)
Ajax (74)
Fougueux (74) San Justo (74)
Orion (74)
Pluton (74) Santa Ana (120)
Agamemnon (64)
Hros (74) Monarca (74)
Minotaur (74)
Bucentaure (80) Bahama (74)
Spartiate (74)
Neptune (80) Montans (74)
Africa (64)
Redoubtable (74) Argonauta (80)
Royal Sovereign (100)
Aigle (74) San Ildefonso (74)
Belleisle (74)
Algsiras (74) Principe de Asturias (118)
Tonnant (80)
Swift-sure (74) San Juan Nepomuceno (74)
Mars (74)
Argonaute (74)
Bellerophon (74)
Achille (74)
Colossus (74)
Berwick (74)
Achilles (74)
Revenge (74)
Defiance (74)
Swiftsure (74)
Thunderer (74)
Defense (74)
Dreadnought (98)
Polythemus (64)
Prince (98)
British French Spanish
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The Battle of Trafalgar 35
The Victor of Trafalgar
Nelson lost his life in Trafalgar but he won atremendous victory for England.
It is one of historys turning points which ledto British domination of the seas forarguably over 150 years.
The HMSVictoryremains a commissionedRN vessel to this day.
Trafalgar Day is celebrated each year withgreat pomp and ceremony
B ttl f T f l
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Battle of Trafalgar
Thankyou for your attention
I will attempt to answer any Questions??