気象研究所技術報告 第 69 号 2013
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1.8 火山周辺での GPS観測における数値気象モデルを用いた対流圏補正
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AKAGI UKUI HOJI
( )
Research Division, Research and Development Bureau,
Forecast Research Department, Meteorological Re-
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) has installed and is operating GPS networks around major active
volcanoes since in order to monitor volcanic ground deformation. At present, volcanoes are under
continuous observation using about GPS stations. At most observation points single-frequency receivers are
adopted in consideration of power saving and mobility in rugged environments.
GPS baseline solutions include errors due to tropospheric delays which are inhomogeneous in the actual
atmosphere. Generally, computation of baseline solutions is done by using a simple atmospheric model assuming
horizontal homogeneity. But if the adopted model is not consistent with the actual atmosphere, tropospheric
delays cannot be accurately estimated, resulting in poor position estimates. Especially with regard to the volcano
observation, the errors in the vertical component of baselines become large according to the large troposphere
errors. In the case of baseline solutions between receivers with large vertical di erence, the time variation of the
vertical length is superposed by seasonal noise caused by spatial and temporal variations of refractive index of the
atmosphere. For accurate monitoring of volcanic activities, more precise positioning in the vertical component
is desirable, which should be realized by incorporating more accurate atmospheric model into the analysis
procedure.
For this purpose, an improved analysis process was developed, based on the JMA’s operational meso-scale
numerical weather analysis (MANAL). The MANAL is applied to daily meso-scale numerical weather predic-
tion as initial field. Generally in the di erential analysis process of positioning, zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD)
is estimated by least-squares method together with the positioning. In this case, initial value of ZTD is given from
a simple atmosphere model. In our approach, ZTD between both receiver sites is calculated from MANAL, and
then the conventional analysis process is done fixing ZTD between sites. In calculation, analysis software package
Bernese Ver. . was used, while a part of the program was personally modified.
This correction strategy using MANAL was applied to the baseline solutions at Asamayama volcano, where
ground deformation has been observed associated with the eruption activity from to . Consequently we
could approximately eliminate the vertical seasonal noise at a baseline whose vertical di erence reaches to . km.
This approach is quite convenient and e ective for GPS observation at local and steep areas such as volcanoes.
: GPS baseline solution, tropospheric correction, JMA numerical weather model, Asamayama volcano
Technology - Japan.
Seismology and Volcanology Research Department,
Meteorological Research Institute, Nagamine,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. search Institute, Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
: Japan.
Present address : Earthquake and Disaster-Reduction Corresponding author : Akimichi Takagi
e-mail : [email protected]
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and
Akimichi T , Keiichi F and Yoshinori S
GPS Baseline Solutions with Tropospheric Correction by Using the JMA
Numerical Weather Model for Monitoring Volcanoes
GPS
Key words
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i i-
-
j j j
MANAL
MANAL GPV
GPS 5
Saastamoinen ( )
(m) Bauersıma
( )
.. tan
cos
( )
(hPa) (K) (hPa)Fig. . Schematic figure showing how to estimate ZTD.
(radian)ZTD (di erence between ZTD and ZTD ) is
calculated from MANAL. ZTD and position at
receiver sites are estimated fixing ZTD .
Berg ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )GPV
Fig. Receiver Receiver
Receiver
MANAL GPV , , GPS
( )
( )(Hofmann-Wellenhof )
Receiver Receiver GPS
GPS
MG
Hopfield ( ) Essen and Froome ( ) GPS
MAP ( ) ( ) ( )
. .
GPS
. ( )
GPS
Receiver Receiver
Receiver
Receiver -
Receiver Re-
ceiver
Receiver
( )
SAAS
i i
i i fix
SAAS
Nj j
jj j j
j
j
j
ZTD
ZTD p T e
p e B z Rz T
p, T, e
z
B R B
R
p T e
ZTD ZTD
ZTD ZTD ZTD
i i
ZTD
p T e
ZTD ZTD p T eet al.,
tp e
ZTD hT T
e
T
N
p T e
j
h j j
ZTD
ZTD ZTD ZTDZTD
+ ,
,
+ , + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , + ,
*,
, , ,
*, , , ,
++ +0
+ ,+ + +
+/
+
+ + +
*+
* *+ , + ,
+31-
+32-
* **,,11 +,//* */
+
.#
+3.2
+ -
/
/
. + ,
,
+ ,
,,**. +
+ ,
+ ,
,+,*
+303 +3/+ ,
+* 11 0. +, 30 ,
+
- 1+2 +* -
+ ,
+ 2.
+ +
+
,
+
.,
,
.
. +
d
d
d
l*
気象研究所技術報告 第69号 2013
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気象研究所技術報告 第 69号 2013
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気象研究所技術報告 第 69号 2013
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� ������®��� �� ë ��ª�³�´��µ���¸¥¹´ì�� íîï��� ���ð������������ñÅ�� ��òó�ôó�õö¶·��������´÷øÀ�� �ÉÊ´����´Ø� �� ��� ÇÈ
�óùÉÊ��¸º»¼ �ÃúûÀ�ÁÑ�ü¨ � ��ÑÁ ý²þÿ°� � °�� µ�� �~��� ��}ïÅ���ð���������� ��� �· Ë� ��Ù�µ ÝÞß�������� ��Ù��Á���ð���´ �±²� °�|� �íîï �{ æ�[\�Á�®�ËÁÑ� æ� æ� � �� ������õ ]^×Å� _` íîï]^Ò�¡«¬�ð��� �{ æ�[\�Á�®�����@´���?>=´
� �¢^���� Ü����� �Ñ��´<;À�ÁÑ� :/ . �������¢£����� -¬� �� �~ � ��� ¬´,+*)('�Ò��Ö��&%=�
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ZTD Fig. c
ZTD
6
Fig. . Temporal changes of ZTD between KWS and M , evaluated by the conventional
analysis (a), by using MANAL (b), by using measured weather data (c), and those refer to
temporal change by the conventional analysis.
ZTD Fig. Fig. a-b
KWS M ZTD Fig. d-e
Fig. a
ZTD, Fig. b MANAL GPV cm
(Fig. d)
(Fig. e)
Fig. d MANAL (Fig. a-b)
GPV ZTD cm
ZTD cm ( )
( ) (Fig. f)
MANAL GPV
cm
cm
(Fig. d)
MANAL (Fig. e)
GPS
ZTD Saastamoinen ( )
( ) ( )
Fig. KWS M
MANAL
ZTD ZTD*, + ,
/ ,
/ .
, / 0
,**0 ,**2 . + 0
/
/ .
0
0
/ 0
,
, ,
+ . , -
/ 0
,**1 , -
.
0
+ ,. 0
+
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, - +
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. -
. ,
気象研究所技術報告 第69号 2013
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気象研究所技術報告 第 69号 2013
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気象研究所技術報告 第 69号 2013
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¤ ´µ� ¶�����·¸ ¶�����¹ �º � ��» ���¼½¾¿�� �¥ ±²��£¤ÀÁ¤ÂÃ�� ���� Ä ��
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Ü�Ý�¨� ��»Þßàáâ�ãäå � æ�Ð º � �����¸Ì çè�¨�¤ É��éâ�êëá ì�íîÐéâ ïð Õ ������¥¦� ����ñ�Ì òó����
�æ���â� �ô� õ��â ö�÷ �ø��Õ � º �¹�� ���� �¡¢�«ÇÈ�ù�� â�ÐÑú� �Îû�� üýþ������ �ÇÈ�ù�
ÕÂÖ� �¨� ÿý� É ~ø �}¦�© � |�{[�� �ÇÈ �}¦�¨\ É ~û�� Éý�¨� �¤ � üýþ��ÇÈ��¿Çè�¸¶��������ÇÈ}¦� � �� üý�ÇÈ]^_`]�·¸@�üý�ÇÈ�ù?
���?> = �����<�¹ �ÇÈ} ����· @ÿý��;� :/�.-�Ï��¦ í ,��+< � �©� Æ º �}¦ � �«ÀÁ¤ÂÃ��çè*¤¨��)(� Í��¸ ÍÎ'Î��&�© � º ���<ø��É º � ��%ý��������� üý]^_
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GPS 7
Fig. . Time series of baseline length (a-c) and height (d-f) of M refer to KWS. (a) and (d)
are calculated with the conventional analysis. (b) and (e) are calculated with this study
method using MANAL. (c) and (f) are calculated using measured weather data. In the
case of using MANAL, vertical seasonal noise could be approximately eliminated (e).
GPS
GPS
GPS
GPS cm cm
m TAN
m (Fig. c)
TAN
m m
MANAL
Fig. a
L
Fig. b
0 .
, +
+ ,
+ +
, ,
/
- ,
, ,
30*0+. 3/- +
,+3* 1 30*0+.
, ,.
202* +,-1 ,**1 . +
,**3 - , -
, 1 , ,.
+ +
1
+,
. . ,
. /
気象研究所技術報告 第69号 2013
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気象研究所技術報告 第 69号 2013
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気象研究所技術報告 第 69号 2013
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Comparison of seasonal noise’s elimination from
M G m
GPS
ZTD
KWS
M
8
Fig. . Comparison of seasonal noise’s elimination from vertical positioning between double-
frequency analysis (a) and single-frequency analysis (b). (c) Distribution of GPS receivers
around Mt. Ontakesan. Positioning of TAN refer to was calculated.
MANAL GPS
MANAL
cm cm
MANAL
M
GPSFig. .
vertical positioning between -hours analysis (a)
and -hours analysis (b) by using MANAL. M mrefer to KWS.
Fig.
Fig.
TAK m
GPS
(Fig. b) Fig. a, Fig. e
KWS
. ++02
-*
+
. +, 0
1
30*0+.
,.
+,
-
+ ,
.
- -2,.
+, . 0 --. +.,1
,**0 / ,**3 1
3
0 2
31+
,**2 2
+, ,**3 ,
2 ,. 2 0
,**2 2 ,**3 ,
/
気象研究所技術報告 第69号 2013
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気象研究所技術報告 第 69号 2013
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ÜÝ®ÖÝÞ�Ä ß¦��� �à �� � � ����Ö×Ø���§�á�â ��ã�ä ¿åË�æ�� ���¨çè�Ò �����å ä ¿éêë���åË�ìí� �à¨Ë�æÂ� îï ¶ � � ðç ñ�����à ���òóô õöÖ÷�øù¹ú û�®Û �¹ú �øùü ýþÿ�� Á�¨~}» | {�Á��½[���µæ�� \��§ ¸¹��]�ýþ � µ ·�û�^_ ¨| {� ½��~}» `@� �û�^_��Ã� ���?�ä ¿Á�>��Ä���·�� =¨� <;ɹ ¬ Ù ¬ Ù � :/� �����¡¨ ¬¸¹�.��-?`,®¯�� ½�+»ÿ��¬�®¯°±²�*�)(?'&%É
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(Fig.
a)
GPS 9
Fig. . Time series of height of all stations refer to KWS around Asamayama volcano from
to . (a) Conventional analysis. (b) By the method of this study using MANAL. Those
of all stations could be approximately eliminated the vertical seasonal noise, especially G and
TAK where are high.
Fig. a G, TAK
(Fig. a)
(Mogi, )
(Fig. b)
MaGCAP-V . km
m . m . km
km . m
. km . m
0 -
0 -
0 -
+*
3 ,**0,**3
,**/
3
,**2 0 ,**3 + - 3
+3/2
+*
,**/ , 1
+** * + +* 1 - -
0 / +0 .* +*
, 3 - * +*
,**2 0 ,**3 +
,**.
気象研究所技術報告 第69号 2013
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気象研究所技術報告 第 69号 2013
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気象研究所技術報告 第 69号 2013
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¬®¯��� ��°�� �±²³�����´µ¶·�³¸��� ¹º»¼���½´µ¶��� ¾ ½¿��À¸ ¾Á¢Â�� ��� �
³ ¤¥§¨ÃĬ�Å£��Æ Çȧ¨É�� ����´µ¶·�½¿��ÀʳËÌÍÎÏÐÑ���ÒÓ£ ¬Çȧ¨É��Ôª� ÕÖ׬�� Ø�� Ù´µ¶·��ÚÛÜ�´µ¶��ÝÞ��� ´µ¶ßàáÍâãäå ��æÍâ�Æç���èé� ê��� 볤¥§¨�ìí±²îïÇȦð� ñò óÛÜ��ôõÝÞ §¨�¦¨ö�Æ´µ¶ßà·�³èé� ��¸ Á¢·� �� áÍâ�÷���� ØÝÞ ´µ¶½¿��À³½¿øùÀ³ ��� �±²³ �� ÚÛÜ��ôõÝÞ�Æ������§¨�ìí §¨�¦¨ö�Æ����ÝÞ³ � îï ¸ ú�Å�û¿ÒÆ�� üý
Fig. a TAK
10
Fig. . Estimation of the inflation pressure source of Asamayama volcano by GPS observation from
June, to January, . (a) Result estimated by -D component of displacement with the
method of this study using MANAL. (b) Result estimated by -D displacement with the
conventional analysis. (c) Result estimated by only horizontal component of displacement with
the conventional analysis.
GPS
G
GPS
Fig. c
. km
. km
. km
. m . m
. m
0 - 0 -
0 -
3
+*,**2 ,**3 -
-
+
- - + - /
+*
, 3
+ , -
* 2 + -
+ - + * +* - 1 +*
- - * +* ,
��
��
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気象研究所技術報告 第 69号 2013
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気象研究所技術報告 第 69号 2013
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Verlag, Bonn.
MANAL Dach R., U. Hugentobler, P. Fridez and M. Meindl ed.
( )MANALp.
GPSEssen, L. and K.D. Froome ( ) The refractive indices
and dielectric constants of air and its principal constitu-
ents at Mc/s.
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station Zimmerwald.
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Institute of University of Berne,
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NAVSTAR/Global Positioning System
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for precise point positioning. , e ous volcanoes and the deformations of the ground sur-
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