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Reverberation Time in Sports Halls
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOAIon Acoustics Ltd
8th June 2016
Institute of Acoustics, South-West BranchYoung Members’ Presentations
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Presentation Summary Research context Reasons for underestimation of RT Modelling used for project Research findings Further research
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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Research context
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
Typical Sports Hall Layout (photo taken by Ion Acoustics)
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Research context RT design requirements
Tmf 1.5 – 2.0 sec (BB93, Sport England)
Historical design of sports halls Large volume (2,000m3 – 5,000m3) Shoebox geometry, parallel walls Hard surface materials Constraints on location of absorption
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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Research context Is Tmf RT appropriate? What about low frequency RT? Acoustic comfort
Not enough to simply ‘meet the Tmf target’ Health effects
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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Research context
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
Arup Acoustics Dataset - Predicted and Measured Tmf Reverberation Time (Oeters, 2012)
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Research context Dane Court sports hall
33m x 18m x 8.65m - volume 5183m3
Perforated metal soffit, αw 0.45 Sabine Tmf 2.1 sec - actual Tmf 3.8 sec 150m2 αw 0.9 at high level - Tmf 3.0 sec 150m2 αw 0.9 to soffit - Tmf 2.8 sec Scattering elements (nets) - Tmf 2.0 sec
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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Reasons for underestimation of RT1. Prediction method2. Location of absorption3. Effect of scattering
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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1. Prediction Method Sabine // Erying // Fitzroy
Only suitable under specific conditions Do not account for room effects
Ray-tracing Room effects (flutter echoes, diffraction) User knowledge Scattering - (BS ISO 1749-1 (2004) +A1 (2014))
‘Wave-based’ methods, hybrid methodsPaul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.
Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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1. Prediction Method Importance of scattering in ray-tracing
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
Single ray modelled in a rectangular room; reflections with different scattering coefficients (Rindel, 1995)
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1. Prediction method Frequency-dependent scattering behaviour
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
Relationship between surface roughness, D, and wavelength, λ , which illustrates the frequency dependent behaviour of scattering (James et al, 2012)
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2. Location of absorption
Absorption at high level Sports hall typically 8 - 10m tall Sound energy travels in horizontal plane Sound energy does not ‘see’ the absorption
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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2. Location of absorption
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
Acoustics of Schools: a design guide. Appendix 4 (November 2015) Sport England: Affordable Sports Halls, Appendix 5 (July 2015)
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3. Effect of scattering
Scattering will direct sound energy to the absorption at high level
Not necessarily a lightweight diffuser…
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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3. Effect of scattering
Sports Hall Tmf 2.8 sec reduced to Tmf 1.8 sec - Oeters (2012)
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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3. Effect of scattering
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
Sports Hall Tmf 4.0 sec reduced to Tmf 3.1 sec - Oeters (2012)
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3. Effect of scattering
Initial RT 1.03 sec (250Hz – 4kHz)
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
With scattering RT 0.59 sec (250Hz – 4kHz)
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Alternative to scattering elements
Design approaches for tilting walls in smaller & larger rooms (Chmelik et al, 2012)
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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Modelling used for research Finite Element Modelling
Geometry split into a mesh Solving wave equation at nodes
Limitations 2D (visualising a section as a ‘slice’ of 3D) Non frequency-dependent absorption No scattering (impedance)
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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Modelling used for research Dane Court sports hall Comparison between Sabine, ray-tracing, FEM
Original model: absorptive ceiling only Location of absorption:
(1) abs ceiling, 150m2 abs at high level (2) abs ceiling, 150m2 abs at low level (3) 150m2 abs at low level only
Effect of angled wall: absorptive ceiling onlyPaul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.
Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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Modelling process – ray-tracing
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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Modelling process - FEM
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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Research findings Absorptive ceiling only (αw 0.45)
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
Prediction Method Tmf (sec) Comment
Measured RT (Arup Acoustics) 3.8Sabine calculation 2.0 much lower than measured
CATT Acoustic T20 3.4 close to measured
FEM side wall T20 4.8 higher than measured
FEM rear wall T20 2.6 lower than measured
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Research findings Effect of location of absorption on Tmf
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
Prediction MethodAbs ceiling & panels
at HIGH level, Tmf (sec)
Abs ceiling & panels at LOW level,
Tmf (sec)Comment
Sabine calculation 1.5 1.5 No changeCATT Acoustic T20 2.8 2.6 Small reduction
FEM side wall T20 4.5 1.6 Significant reduction
FEM rear wall T20 3.0 1.5 Significant reduction
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Research findings Effect of location of absorption on decay
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
Absorption to ceiling & walls high level Absorption to ceiling & walls low level
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Research findings Is soffit absorption necessary with
absorption at low level?
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
Prediction MethodAbs ceiling & panels
at LOW level, Tmf (sec)
Abs panels at LOW level ONLY,
Tmf (sec)Comment
Sabine calculation 1.5 2.6 Significant increaseCATT Acoustic T20 2.6 2.6 No change
FEM side wall T20 1.6 2.2 Moderate increase
FEM rear wall T20 1.5 2.0 Moderate increase
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Research findings Effect of angled wall
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
Prediction MethodShoebox model,
Tmf (sec)Angled wall model,
Tmf (sec)Comment
Sabine calculation 2.0 2.0 No changeCATT Acoustic T20 3.4 2.9 Small reduction
FEM side wall T20 4.8 1.1 Significant reduction
FEM rear wall T20 2.6 1.0 Significant reduction
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Research findings Effect of angled wall on pulse propagation
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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Research findings Effect of angled wall on decay
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
Shoebox with absorption to ceiling Angled wall with absorption to ceiling
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Research conclusions Sabine
Lower than measured values Unsuitable for non-uniform absorption distribution
Ray-tracing Comparable to measured values Location of wall absorption does not affect RT prediction Angling side wall - no significant reduction in RT
FEM Location of absorption has significant impact on RT Angling side wall reduces RT Difficult to determine ‘accuracy’ due to 2D model
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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Further research FEM
Expansion to 3D Frequency-dependent absorption coefficient Addition of scattering (impedance)
Ray-tracing Comparison between different software
Tmf – consideration of lower frequency range?
Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations
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Conclusion Sports halls – challenging acoustic design Prediction method Location of absorption Effect of scattering Can we model room effects accurately?
Thanks for your time! - Questions?Paul Doyle - BSc MSc MIOA. 8th June 2016. ‘Reverberation Time in Sports Halls’.
Institute of Acoustics, South-West Branch. Young Members’ Presentations