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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(5th Ed)
Chapter 12
Motivation
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
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Motivation
Motivation a need or desire that energizes
and directs behaviorInstinct
complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
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Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory the idea that a physiological
need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
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MotivationHomeostasis
tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level
Incentives a positive or negative
environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs begins at the
base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied
then higher-level safety needs become active
then psychological needs become active
Self-actualization needsNeed to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential
Esteem needsNeed for self-esteem,
achievement, competence,and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others
Belongingness and love needsNeed to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation
Safety needsNeed to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
Physiological needsNeed to satisfy hunger and thirst
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Motivation-Hunger Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of
hunger
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time in minutes
Subject swallowsballoon, which
measures stomachcontraction
Subject presseskey each timewhen hungry
Stomach contractions
Hunger pangs
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Motivation-Hunger
Glucose the form of sugar that
circulates in the blood provides the major source of
energy for body tissues when its level is low, we feel
hunger
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Motivation-Hunger
Set Point the point at which an individual’s
“weight thermostat” is supposedly set
when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
Metabolic Rate body’s base rate of energy
expenditure
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Motivation-Hunger
The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions
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Eating DisordersAnorexia Nervosa
when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
usually an adolescent femaleBulimia Nervosa
disorder characterized by private “binge-purge” episodes of overeating, usually of highly caloric foods, followed by vomiting or laxative use
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Eating Disorders- Anorexia Nervosa
when a person is less than 85% of their normal body weight
95% of sufferers are female most are between the ages of 18-
3030% of persons diagnosed with
anorexia nervosa die
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Women’s Body Images
ThinnestWomen’s
ideal
What womenbelieved men
preferred
What menactually
preferred
Women’scurrent
body image
Fattest
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Sexual Motivation
Sex is a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values
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Sexual MotivationSexual Response Cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson excitementplateauorgasmresolution
Refractory Periodresting period after orgasm, during which
a man cannot achieve another orgasm
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The Sexual Response Cycle
Males Females
Orgasm
Plateau
ExcitementResolution
Resolutionwith orgasm
Resolutionwithoutorgasm
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Sexual Motivation
Estrogen a sex hormone, secreted in
greater amounts by females than by males
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Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation
Externalstimuli
Imaginativestimuli
Physiologicalreadiness
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Sexual Disorders
Problems that consistently impair sexual arousal or functioning In Men
premature ejaculation• ejaculation before they or their partners
wishimpotence
• inability to have or maintain erection
In Womenorgasmic disorder
• infrequent or absent orgasms
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Sexual Motivation
Sexual Orientation an enduring sexual attraction
toward members of either one’s own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)
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Motivation
Achievement Motivation a desire for significant
accomplishmentfor mastery of things, people, or
ideasfor attaining a high standard
McClelland and Atkinson believed fantasies would reflect achievement concerns
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Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation desire to perform a behavior for its
own sake or to be effectiveExtrinsic Motivation
desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
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Rewards Affect Motivation
Mom: “I’ll give you $5 for every A.’’Controlling reward
Child: “As long as she pays, I’ll study.’’Extrinsic motivation
Mom: “Your grades were great! Let’s celebrate by going out for dinner.’’Informative reward
Child: “I love doing well.’’Intrinsic motivation
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Motivation
Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology sub-field of psychology that studies and
advises on workplace behavior I/O Psychologists
help organizations select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, and design products and assess responses to them
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Motivation
Task Leadership goal-oriented leadership that sets
standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
Social Leadership group-oriented leadership that
builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
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MotivationTheory X
assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money
should be directed from aboveTheory Y
assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity