Stove Testing Standards: Scientific and Global Perspective
Tami C. BondTami C. BondUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
July 25, 2013July 25, 2013
Photo: NASA
Combustion affects public health22
Lim et al., Comparative risk Assessment, Lancet 380, 2012
Global disability-adjusted life years
Combustion affects public health33
Lim et al., Comparative risk Assessment, Lancet 380, 2012
South Asia: % of disability-adjusted life years
Photo from Space ShuttleCourtesy Robert Charlson & NASA
East coast of Asia
Combustion affects global air quality
particles carried over the ocean
particles changing
clouds
Residential stoves are a large source of combustion products
Source: Satellite measurements from NASA Aura; IIASA-GAINS and RETRO values for CO emission; own tabulation
Source: Bond et al, ACP 2011 for modeling; IIASA-GAINS and RETRO database for BC emission; own tabulation
Carbon monoxide concentrations
Many impacts – many potential benefits66
Health
Economic Development
Home Environment
Women’s Empowerment
Forests
Air pollution and climate
Figure concept from WHO – altered by me. Images may be subject to copyright
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History of stoves & testing (outside Nepal)
1982-1985
1st Water
Boiling Test(VITA)
2004
New interest
Manystove
programsLittle
monitoring
1980s
Donor burnout
2001 2002
Partnership for Clean Indoor Air
3rd
WBT
Field testing & training
2006 2007
IWA
20122010
Global Alliance for
Clean Cookstoves
Technical evaluation
of protocols
Major Focus:Deforestation
Major Focus:Indoor Air
Focus Addition:Climate
R&D,commercial-
ization
An important moment in history
Technical capacity has grown along with interest Technical capacity has grown along with interest in household energy.in household energy.
However, However, big successbig success and and major improvementsmajor improvements in emissions have not yet been demonstrated.in emissions have not yet been demonstrated.
It’s important to get it right this time. It’s important to get it right this time.
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Against Standards: Every place is different
99
different stovesdifferent stoves different foodsdifferent foods different fuelsdifferent fuels different cooking habitsdifferent cooking habits different usesdifferent uses
For standards: Every place is the same
emissions have effects emissions have effects beyond householdbeyond household
health effects of PM health effects of PM similar around the worldsimilar around the world
Temporary “IWA” provides stove ratings1010
IWA = International Workshop AgreementWorkshop held in The Hague, Netherlands, Feb 2012Over 80 participants - 3 from Nepal
Fuel Efficiency
Does the stove use fuel efficiently?
Emissions How much pollution is emitted to the environment?
Indoor Emissions
Are indoor pollutant concentrations reduced by using a chimney, or can good IAQ be achieved without a chimney because of low emissions?
Safety Does the stove reduce the risk of burns, poisoning, and other injuries?
Four rating classesAllows each program to choose what’s important
Tiers mark progressive performance1111
Tier 1Measurable improvement
Tier 2Substantial improvement
Tier 3Solid biomass achievableas of 2011
Tier 4Aspirational goal
Tier 5 ?
Tier 0 – No improvement
1212It is hoped that many protocols can produce Tier ratings
dirtysucia
高排放
sale
IWA language allows this possibility.
Informal name: “Rosetta Stone” =
A system to translate many
languages
Tier 3 Tier 0
In-use performance differs from laboratory1313
Field- Lab-Improved Improved
Reasons:Fuel size
Fuel qualityFuel feeding
Fire tending…
Roden et al.2006; 2009
Goal of all testing: Program effectiveness
In an In an effective effective programprogram the full performance of the technology is achievedthe full performance of the technology is achieved poorly performing technology is displacedpoorly performing technology is displaced a large fraction of users adopt better technologya large fraction of users adopt better technology
Possible reasons for Possible reasons for loss of effectivenessloss of effectiveness technology doesn’t perform (technical testing)technology doesn’t perform (technical testing) users don’t use the technology (understand users don’t use the technology (understand
consumers)consumers) users don’t adopt the technology (cost, other users don’t adopt the technology (cost, other
motivation)motivation)
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Summary
There are many reasons to improve There are many reasons to improve household energy (especially biomass)household energy (especially biomass)
This is a unique time in history:This is a unique time in history:attention, capacity, some global discussionsattention, capacity, some global discussionsBut success is not yet guaranteedBut success is not yet guaranteed
Seek program effectiveness, not just good testsSeek program effectiveness, not just good tests
QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
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