Download - 10 – 18 – LACES Improve Your Wildland Safety
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10 – 18 – LACESImprove Your Wildland Safety
7/2/2013
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Presentation Training Objectives
•Review wildland firefighter fatalities•Understand 10 wildland firefighting standing orders•Understand 18 wildland watchout situations•Review L.A.C.E.S. principle
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19 Firefighters Killed – June 30th, 2013
Nineteen members of the Granite Mountain Hotshots lost their lives
battling the Yarnell Fire
Images used under Fair Use Commons – Public Safety Training
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Images used under Fair Use Commons – Public Safety Training
19 Firefighters Killed – June 30th, 2013
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19 Firefighters Killed – June 30th, 2013
Granite Mountain Hot Shot TeamAndrew Ashcraft, 29 Robert Caldwell, 23 Travis Carter, 31
Dustin Deford, 24 Christopher MacKenzie, 30
Eric Marsh, 43
Grant McKee, 21 Sean Misner, 26 Scott Norris, 28
Wade Parker, 22 John Percin, 24 Anthony Rose, 23
Jesse Steed, 36 Joe Thurston, 32 Travis Turbyfill, 27
William Warneke, 25 Clayton Whitted, 28 Kevin Woyjeck, 21
Garret Zuppiger, 27
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The 19 members of the Granite
Mountain Hotshots lost on June 30th
were also structural firefighters. These
19 men were members of the Prescott AZ Fire
Department. These 19 men
represented over 20% of the PFD.
19 Firefighters Killed – June 30th, 2013
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Other Fatal Wildfires
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FIRE: YEAR: DEATHS:South Fork Fire - Idaho
2003 8 Firefighters
Hayman Fire – Colorado
2002 5 Firefighters
Storm King Mountain – CO
1994 14 Firefighters
Loop Fire – California
1966 12 Firefighters
Inaja Fire – California
1956 11 Firefighters
These are just a few examples of large loss fires for firefighters.
There are many more examples. Each underscores the importance of our training.
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Addressing Dangerous Mindsets:
The large dangerous fires only happen out West. I’m an East Coast firefighter. That can’t happen
to me.
Those were all wildland firefighters. I am a structural firefighter. That can’t happen to me.
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Firefighter Fatalities at Wildfires:
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NIOSH Report Number: F2011-09
Volunteer fire fighter dies
and 5 volunteer fire fighters are
injured during wildland
urban interface fire
in Texas.
Attack 5 was overrun by the fire crossing CR323 from
east to west..(Photo courtesy of the Texas
Forest Service.)
April 15th, 2011
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Firefighter Fatalities at Wildfires:
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NIOSH Report Number: F2006-10
On March 1, 2006, a volunteer fire fighter
(the victim) was critically injured and
another volunteer fire fighter was seriously
injured while fighting a wildland/urban interface fire in
Oklahoma.
The fire burned over their position, destroying the grass
truck, critically injuring the victim, and seriously injuring the
fire fighter
March 1, 2006
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Firefighter Fatalities at Wildfires:
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NIOSH Report Number: F2003-36
On October 29, 2003, a 38-year-old male career fire fighter (the
victim) was killed and a 48-year-old
male career Captain was
severely injured when fire overran
their position.
The incident occurred during the protection of a
residential structure during a wildland fire operation
October 29, 2003
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Firefighter Fatalities at Wildfires:
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NIOSH Report Number:99-F14
Two Volunteer Fire Fighters
Die While Fighting a
Wildland Fire – Kentucky.
The firefighters
died trying to outrun the
fire.
As the fire grew in intensity and spot fires continued to break over the fire line, the
two victims became separated from the rest of
the crew.
April 06, 1999
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Addressing Dangerous Mindsets:
Operating in the Urban Interface presents other unique challenges that can kill or injure firefighters.
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Firefighter Fatalities at Wildfires:
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NIOSH Report Number: F2010-15
Volunteer Fire Chief Killed
When Rubber-Tracked Vehicle
Overturns at Brush Fire – Washington
The vehicle rolled at least 3 times before coming to rest on the driver’s side, facing west, pinning the Fire Chief
beneath the vehicle’s canopy.
June 23, 2010
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Firefighter Fatalities at Wildfires:
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NIOSH Report Number: F2008-14
Volunteer Fire Chief and Fire Fighter Killed
when their Engine
plummeted from a Fire-Damaged Wooden Bridge Into a Dry Creek Bed – Colorado
Key contributing factors identified in this
investigation include: excessive speed for reduced visibility/smoke conditions
April 15, 2008
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Firefighter Fatalities at Wildfires:
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NIOSH Report Number: F2000-25
A volunteer fire fighter died and a second was
seriously injured after
fuel tank explosion in
Iowa.
The incident occurred at a grass fire that spread to
structures.
April 07, 2000
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Firefighter Fatalities at Wildfires:
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NIOSH Report Number:99-F46
Fire fighter dies after
coming into contact with a downed power
line at a wildfire - Arkansas.
The victim was stomping out embers in the smoldering
brush when he was electrocuted by a downed
power line.
November 3, 1999
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Addressing Dangerous Mindsets:
Dangers to structural firefighters responding to and battling wildfires are real!
These dangers include far more than the threat of burnover:
Power Lines, Structural Collapse, Vehicle Accidents and more…
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Addressing Dangerous Mindsets:
In Florida and other areas of high heat, heat stroke and heat exhaustion are very real threats.
Especially if firefighters are wearing structural gear at wildland incidents.
There are numerous LODD events involving heat stroke of firefighters at various types of incidents.
This threat is very real for wildfires.
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Addressing Dangerous Mindsets:
It can happen to structural firefighters!
It can happen in any part of the country!
It can happen to any of us!
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Protecting Ourselves and Being Safe
10 Standard Fire Orders18 Watchout Situations
L.A.C.E.S.
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10 Standard Fire Orders
The original ten Standard Firefighting Orders were developed in 1957 by a task force. The Standard Firefighting Orders were based in part on the successful "General Orders" used by the United States Armed Forces. The Standard Firefighting Orders are organized in a deliberate and sequential way to be implemented systematically and applied to ALL fire situations.-US Forest Service
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10 Standard Fire Orders
1)Keep informed on fire weather conditions and forecasts.
During your initial briefing fire weather should be addressed. If it is not, ASK! Remain alert of weather conditions and changes in forecast during fire operations.
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10 Standard Fire Orders
2) Know what your fire is doing at all times. Be aware of fire conditions. Remain alert to how
the fire is burning and where it is burning.
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10 Standard Fire Orders
3) Base all actions on current and expected behavior of the fire. Recognize fuels and anticipate fire changes. Be
prepared for weather changes that may change fire behavior.
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10 Standard Fire Orders
4) Identify escape routes and safety zones and make them known. During your crew briefing safe zones and escape
routes should be identified. In the urban interface this could include previously burnt areas, large parking lots, bodies of water, and even swimming pools. If safe zones and escape routes are not identified, ASK!
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10 Standard Fire Orders
5) Post lookouts when there is possible danger.Lookouts can help recognize fire changes and
alert crews. For structural crews operating in the urban interface buildings and other obstructions often prevent firefighters from seeing the fire. In addition, lookouts can help firefighters be alert for other hazards such as power lines.
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10 Standard Fire Orders
6) Be alert. Keep calm. Think clearly. Act decisively. It is critical to remain calm, identify threats, and
respond accordingly. We must be thinking firefighters not heroes that blindly charge in.
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10 Standard Fire Orders
7) Maintain prompt communications with your forces, your supervisor, and adjoining forces. Communication is critical. Respond immediately
to messages, speak clearly, and report changes or hazards you observe.
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10 Standard Fire Orders
8) Give clear instructions and insure they are understood. Ensure all messages are understood. When
receiving messages, briefly repeat your orders back to confirm you correctly understood.
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10 Standard Fire Orders
9) Maintain control of your forces at all times. In structural firefighting we would not separate a
two person crew to search two floors of a building. In wildfires, follow the same crew integrity rules. We leave the asphalt together. We return to the asphalt together.
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10 Standard Fire Orders
10) Fight fire aggressively, having provided for safety first. Remember to evaluate the risk vs. gain.
PROVIDE FOR SAFETY ABOVE ALL ELSE!!!
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18 Watchouts Situations
Shortly after the Standard Firefighting Orders were incorporated into firefighter training, the 18 Situations That Shout “Watch Out!” were developed. These 18 situations are more specific and cautionary than the Standard Fire Orders and describe situations that expand the 10 points of the Fire Orders.
If firefighters follow the Standard Firefighting Orders and are alerted to the 18 Watch Out Situations, much of the risk of firefighting can be reduced.-US Forest Service
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1 - Fire not scouted and sized up. 2 - In country not seen in daylight. 3 - Safety zones and escape routes not identified.
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18 Watchouts Situations
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4 - Unfamiliar with weather and local factors influencing fire behavior. 5- Uninformed on strategy, tactics, and hazards. 6 - Instructions and assignments not clear.
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18 Watchouts Situations
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7 - No communication link with crewmembers/supervisors. 8 - Constructing line without safe anchor point. 9 - Building fireline downhill with fire below.
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18 Watchouts Situations
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10 - Attempting frontal assault on fire. 11 - Unburned fuel between you and the fire. 12 - Cannot see main fire, not in contact with anyone who can.
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13 - On a hillside where rolling material can ignite fuel below. 14 - Weather is getting hotter and drier. 15 - Wind increases and/or changes direction.
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18 Watchouts Situations
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16 - Getting frequent spot fires across line. 17 - Terrain and fuels make escape to safety zones difficult. 18 - Taking a nap near the fire line.
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18 Watchouts Situations
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If firefighters follow the Standard Firefighting Orders and are alerted to the 18 Watch Out Situations, much of the risk of firefighting can be reduced.
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Together these are the 10 & 18
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It is not easy to remember the 10 & 18.
The 10 & 18 should be reviewed often.
To help condense the 10 & 18 use LACES.
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Together these are the 10 & 18
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LACES was established to consolidate down to five. The
theory was the belief that under stressful circumstances human
beings could only remember four to six key fundamental learned
behaviors.7/2/2013
L.A.C.E.S.
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L - LOOKOUTSA - ANCHOR POINTS
C – COMMUNICATIONSE – ESCAPE ROUTESS – SAFETY ZONES
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L.A.C.E.S.
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L.A.C.E.S.
L) LOOKOUTS:A competent and trusted person located in an
advantageous position who has the responsibility of watching for potential fire problems and then relating the situation to the their supervisor. In mountain terrain, that could be one person situated on an opposite slope and watching for an uphill run. Other lookout sources that can be used are: aircraft pilots, fire tower operators or possibly one person on a crew assigned the job of watching a specific hazard.
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L.A.C.E.S.
A) ANCHOR POINTSAn advantageous location, usually a barrier to fire spread,
from which to start building a fire break or line. If done properly this will prohibit fire from establishing itself on the other side of an unsuspecting crew who could end up being surrounded with little chance for escape. An example of an anchor point could be a river, road, location without fuels or using a second crew to produce line in the opposite direction.
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L.A.C.E.S.
C) CommunicationsCan be provided in several forms: Face to Face, written
Incident Action Plan, Briefing sessions, use of a Radio or Cell phone (if available). Crews are dependent on a variety of people to help ensure their safety because they will be concentrating on their job and may not be able to spot fire problems until too late. Information must be communicated to everyone concerned with the intent that it is known before an incident can occur.
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L.A.C.E.S.
E) Escape RoutesA pre-determined route that can be used by anyone in the
event that fire begins an unexpected run that will jeopardize the safety of crews or anyone else on the fire line. The escape route will take everyone to another pre-determined location (safety zone). Some consideration when establishing the escape route: should be able to walk it, should be marked (flagging tape), should be timed, should be away from the head of the fire, should be known to all, should be scouted.
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L.A.C.E.S.
S) Safety ZonesSafety zones where a firefighter may find refuge from
danger. Clean sites that are clear of vegetation (natural or man-made). Considerations when establishing a site are: How long will it take to get there? Is it large enough for everyone? Will fire behavior (intensity) adversely effect occupants? Are there any other hazards (snags, rolling rocks)? Does everyone know where they are?
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L - LOOKOUTSA - ANCHOR POINTS
C – COMMUNICATIONSE – ESCAPE ROUTESS – SAFETY ZONES
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L.A.C.E.S.
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Remember LACES
on every fire!
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L.A.C.E.S.
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LACES should be committed to memory and used at all fires.
In addition the 10 & 18 should be reviewed often.
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Together these are the 10 & 18
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Professional Training for Fire Professionals
7/2/2013
Stay Safe