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TDT4160Datamaskiner Grunnkurs
2008Gunnar Tufte
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I dag • Kva er inni 8051, P4 og UltraSparc• Digital logic level (start kapitel 3)
• VIKTIG MELDING– Alle som har brukt NTNU-passord for AoC pålogging må skifte
passord (NTNU-passord)
– Meir info om dette, sjå it’s learning
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Skal sjå på Intel 8051, P4 and UltraSparc•
Input/output
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Intel 8051 mikrokontroller
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5 Intel 8051 mikrokontroller
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Pentium 4
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9 UltraSPARC III
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P4, UltraSparc III og 8051• P4 og UltraSPARC III
– Superscalar• Mange pipelines• Seperat integer og flyttal einheitar• Djupe pipelines
– Mange eksterne Adr/data pinnar• Kan adressere heile ord• Seperat data / adresse buss
– Cache• L1, L2, insruksjon, data
– Avansert kø for instruksjonsutførelse• Branche predictor• Out of order insruction execution
– Kraftig, stor, dyr, komplisert, stort effektforbruk
• 8051– Enkel arkitektur
• Ein / ingen pipeline • Ikkje flyttal
– Lite adresse område• Delt adr/data buss• Adresserar 8 eller 4 bit
– Generelle portar• Fleksibelt grensesnitt
– Treg, liten, enkel, lite effekt forbruk
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P4, UltraSparc III og 8051
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Liten test 1• Kva nytt var det von Neumann arkitekturen innførte?
– A: Hierarki i minne (Memory hierarchy”)– B: Program lagra i minne (”stored program computer”)– C: Høgnivå programmeringsspråk
• Kva komponent(ar) er ein del av prosessorens ”datapath”– A: ALU og Register, – B: Kontrolleinheit– C: Program Counter registeret (PC) og Instruksjons registeret (IR)
• Kvar ligg i program teljar registeret (PC)– A: Adresse til instruksjon– B: Nummeret på instruksjonen som utføres– C: Peikar til dataminne
• Kva antal instruksjonar kan ein prosessor med eit 3 stegs samlebånd”pipline” utføre kvar klokkeperiode (max)?, kva med 5 steg?
– A: 1 instruksjon kvar klokkeperiode i begge tilfella– B: 3 instruksjonar for 3 steg og 5 instruksjonar for 5 steg– C: 3 instruksjonar for 3 steg og 5/3 instruksjonar for 5 steg
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Kapittel 3: Digital logic level
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Nivå 0: Digtalekretsar• Fundamentale komponentar
– AND, OR, NOT,NAND, NOR XOR porter– D-vipper for lagring av ett bit
• Samansette komponentar– Aritmetiske kretsar –
• adderere, skiftere, …– Dekodere– Multiplekser– Registre
• 8, 16, 32, 64 vipper
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Digital logic level• Kva og korleis
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Digital logic level• Kva og korleis
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Digital logic level• Kva og korleis
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Digital logic level• Kva og korleis Add
Logicfunctions
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Digital logic level• Kva og korleis
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Digital logic level• Kva og korleis
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Digital logic level• Kva og korleis
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Digital logic level• Kva og korleis
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Kort repetisjon 3.0 -> 3.3.4• Logisked portar
AB
AB
NAND
NOR
A B F0 0 00 1 11 0 11 1 0
XOR FAB
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Kort repetisjon 3.0 -> 3.3.4• Har no byggeklossar til å lage alle bolskefunksjonar
NAND
NOR
• Kan no lage alle dei andre (Boolsk algebra)
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Kort repetisjon 3.0 -> 3.3.4• Kan lage kombinatoriske kretsar
– Kretsar uten klokke eller sekvensielle eigenskapar• Decoders • Encoders • Multiplexers• Binary Adders • Binary Subtractors
• Eksempel kretsar: Multiplexer
3
2
1
0
S0 S1
F
0
1
2
3
S0 S1
F
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Kort repetisjon 3.0 -> 3.3.4• Kan lage kombinatoriske kretsar
– Kretsar uten klokke eller sekvensielle eigenskapar• Decoders • Encoders • Multiplexers• Binary Adders • Binary Subtractors
• Eksempel kretsar: Decoder
S0 S1
O0
O1
O2
O3
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Kort repetisjon 3.0 -> 3.3.4• Kan lage kombinatoriske kretsar
– Kretsar uten klokke eller sekvensielle eigenskapar• Decoders • Encoders • Multiplexers• Demultiplexers• Binary Adders • Binary Subtractors
• Eksempel kretsar: Full adder
BiAi
Ci
Si
Ci-1
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Kort repetisjon 3.0 -> 3.3.4• Sekvensiellekretsar
– Kretsar med minne neste tilstand kan vere avhengig av tidligare tilstand (klokke og lager)
• Minne (register)• Teljarar• Tilstandsmaskiner
• Eksempel kretsar: D-vippe (D latch) og Flip-flop
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Kort repetisjon 3.0 -> 3.3.4• Eksempel kretsar: 2-bits teljar (sekvensielkrets)
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Minne kretsar no er me på 3.3.4• Eksempel krets: 8-bits minnebrikke
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8-bits minnebrikke• Upraktisk organisering
– 20 pinner for 8 bit lagringskapasitet
• Hva da med hovedlager på 1GB?– 21 474 836 480 pinner…
• Kva kan vi gjøre?– Trenger ikke uavhengig tilgang til alle bit– Trenger ikke samtidig tilgang til alle bit
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4 x 3 bit minne (4 ord på 3 bit)
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4-Mbits minnebrikke
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4-Mbits minnebrikke