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Met 10 Weather ProcessesJeff Gawrych
Temperature, Heat Transfer and Earth’s
Energy Balance
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Lecture OutlineLecture Outline
• Energy in the atmosphere
• Shortwave and longwave radiation
• Greenhouse effect
• Earth/atmosphere energy balance
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Why does the earth heat up?
• Incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the surface of the planet.
• The amount and intensity of the solar energy received is called insolation.
• Some areas get more insolation than others. E.g. The tropics are generally warmer than the polar regions.
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Heat
• Sensible Heat: he we feel• Latent Heat: The heat energy required to
change water from one state to another (e.g. water from vapor to a solid).
• “hidden” heat due to phase changes– E.g. Water has 3 phases– 1) Ice 2) Liquid 3) Vapor (gas)
• Latent heat of evaporationevaporation: – Heat lost to environment
• Latent heat of condensation: condensation: – Heat released to environment
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Earth’s Energy BalanceEarth’s Energy Balance
• A balance exists that keeps the planet from getting too hot or cold
– Energy entering top of atmosphere must equal Energy leaving top of atmosphereEnergy leaving top of atmosphere
– Energy entering the Earth’s surface must equal Energy leaving Earth’s surfaceEnergy leaving Earth’s surface
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There are three modes of energy transmission in the There are three modes of energy transmission in the atmosphere.atmosphere.
• Conduction: the transfer of energy in a substance by means of molecular excitation without any net external motion.
• Convection: the transfer of energy by mass motions within a fluid or gas, resulting in actual transport of energy.
• Radiation: the propagation of electromagnetic waves through space.
Energy transmissionEnergy transmission
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Electromagnetic radiation
• Radiation is the transfer of energy by rapid oscillations of electromagnetic fields.
• The most important general characteristic is its wavelength (), defined as the
crest-to-crest distance.• Radiation travels through space at the speed of light (3 x
108 m s-1).• All objects emit radiation!!!!• Amount of radiation absorbed/emitted depends on Temp.
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Short and longwave radiation• All objects emit radiation:
– Sun emits radiation mostly at shorter wavelengths; ultraviolet (UV) and visible:
– Earth emits radiation mostly at longer wavelengths; infrared (IR)
• Difference based on temperature of emitting body.
–(shortwave or solar radiation)
–(Longwave or terrestrial radiation)
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Atmospheric Greenhouse Atmospheric Greenhouse EffectEffect
• Essential for life as we know it!!!• The atmosphere absorbs some of the Earth’s outgoing
longwave radiation.– Atmosphere acts like a blanket
• Which atmospheric gases are most responsible for the Greenhouse Effect?
Water, Carbon Dioxide (COWater, Carbon Dioxide (CO22))
• Runaway greenhouse effect– The addition of too many greenhouse gases that could possibly
lead to large-scale climate change (global warming)– It is analogous to closing a window, in that outgoing radiation
cannot escape.
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Incoming solar radiationIncoming solar radiation
• Each ‘beam’ of incoming sunlight can be either:– Reflected back to space: albedo=reflectivity
• Clouds• Atmosphere• Surface
– Earth’s Albedo is 30 %
– Or absorbed; either by atmosphere (e.g. clouds or ozone) or Earth’s surface.
– Or Scattered; This is why the sky is blue, or red, or whatever color. Whichever color you see if the most scattered wavelength (color) of visible light
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Earth’s Energy BalanceEarth’s Energy Balance
• The earth must stay in balance or else it would forever get hotter or colder.
Energy into the Earth/Atmosphere system
= Energy out of the Earth/Atmosphere
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