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Chapter 13
Ear
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OBJECTIVES
Identify the anatomy of the earDefine and spell the word partsBuild and analyze medical terms using word partsDefine, pronounce, and spell the disease and disorder, diagnostic, surgical, and complementary terms for the earInterpret the meanings of abbreviationsIdentify and use plural endingsRead medical documents and interpret medical terminology contained in them.
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Function of the Ear
The two functions of the ear are to hear and to provide the sense of balance. The ear is made up of three parts: the external ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. We hear because sound waves vibrate through the ear where they are transformed into nerve impulses that are then carried to the brain.
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Anatomy of the Ear
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The Middle Ear
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Ear
external ear auricle (pinna): located on both sides of the
head external auditory meatus: short tube that
ends at the tympanic membrane
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Ear (cont’d)
middle ear tympanic membrane (eardrum):
semitransparent membrane that separates the external auditory meatus and the middle ear cavity
eustachian tube: connects the middle ear and the pharynx
ossicles: bones of the middle ear that carry sound vibrations
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Ear (cont’d)
labyrinth (inner ear) cochlea: snail-shaped and contains the organ
of hearing; connects to the oval window in the middle ear
semicircular canals and vestibule: contain receptors and endolymph that help the body maintain its sense of balance
mastoid bone and cells: located in the skull bone behind the external auditory meatus
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Combining Forms for the Ear
acou/o, audi/o aur/I, aur/o, ot/o labyrinth/o mastoid/o myring/o staped/o tympan/o
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Helpful Information
-tympan/o usually means middle ear
-myring/o usually means eardrum (tympanic membrane)
-labyrinth/o usually means inner ear
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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts
labyrinthitis
mastoiditis
myringitis
otalgia
otomycosis
otopyorrhea
otosclerosis
tympanitis
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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built From Word Parts
acoustic neuroma
Meniere’s disease
otitis externa
otitis media (OM)
tinnitus
vertigo
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Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts
mastoidectomy
myringoplasty
myringotomy
tympanoplasty
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(tympanic membrane) / cv / (incision)
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Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts
acoumeter
audiogram
audiometry
otoscope
otoscopy
tympanometer
tympanometry
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(hearing) / cv / (measurement)
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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts
audiologist
aural
otologist
otology
otorhinolaryngologist (ENT)
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Abbreviations
AD
AOM
AS
AU
ENT
OM
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Plural Endings: English Language
Plurals are formed in the English by adding
-s, -es, or -ies at the end of a word.
Examples:
Singular Plural
dog dogs
fox foxes
canary canaries
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Plural Endings:Medical Language
Plurals are formed in medical language by using the English plural endings, especially for terms originating from modern language; however, terms built from Greek and Latin word parts are formed by using Greek and Latin plural endings.
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Plural Endings:Medical Language (cont’d)
Latin suffixesExamples:
Singular Pluralfimbria fimbriaethorax thoracesappendix appendicesdiverticulum diverticulabronchus bronchitestis testes
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Plural Endings:Medical Language (cont’d)
Greek suffixes Examples:
Singular Plural
adenoma adenomata
spermatozoon spermatozoa
larynx larynges
metastasis metastases
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Convert the following terms to plural:
thrombus staphylococcus alveolus testis ovum pharynx carcinoma thorax
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Convert the following terms to singular:
thrombi testes ova pharynges emboli sarcomata carcinomata spermatozoa