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Chapter 9 Electronic Structure and Periodic Trends
9.3
Energy Levels, Sublevels, and Orbitals
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Energy Levels
Energy levels • Are assigned quantum numbers n = 1, 2, 3, 4 and
so on.• Increase in energy as the value of n increases.• Have a maximum number of electrons equal to
2n2.
Energy level Maximum number of electrons
n = 1 2(1)2 = 2(1) = 2
n = 2 2(2)2 = 2(4) = 8
n = 3 2(3)2 = 2(9) = 18
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Sublevels• Contain electrons with the same energy.• Are found within each energy level. • Are designated by the letters s, p, d, f.
The number of sublevels is equal to the value of the principal quantum number (n).
Sublevels
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Number of Sublevels
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Electron Capacity
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Table 9.6
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Energy of Sublevels
In any energy level, • The s sublevel has the lowest energy. • The s sublevel is followed by the p, d, and f
sublevels in order of increasing energy.• Higher sublevels are possible, but only s, p, d,
and f sublevels are needed to hold the electrons in the atoms known today.
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Do Now
How many total electrons are in Li, C, Mg, Xe?
What energy level is the last electron in for Be, Cl, B?
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Orbitals
An orbital • Is a three-dimensional space
around a nucleus where an electron is found most of the time.
• Has a shape that represents electron density (not a path the electron follows).
• Can hold up to 2 electrons.• Contains two electrons that must
spin in opposite directions.
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s Orbitals
An s orbital • Has a spherical shape
around the nucleus.• Increases in size around
the nucleus as the energy level n value increases.
• Is a single orbital found in each s sublevel.
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p Orbitals
A p orbital • Has a two-lobed shape .• Is one of three p orbitals that make up each p
sublevel.• Increases in size as the value of n increases.
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Sublevels and Orbitals
Each sublevel consists of a specific numberof orbitals. • An s sublevel contains one s orbital.• A p sublevel contains three p orbitals.• A d sublevel contains five d orbitals.• An f sublevel contains seven f orbitals.
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Indicate the number and type of orbitals in eachof the following:
A. 4s sublevel
B. 3d sublevel
C. n = 3
Learning Check
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Indicate the number and type of orbitals in each ofthe following:
A. 4s sublevel one 4s orbital
B. 3d sublevel five 3d orbitals
C. n = 3 one 3s orbital, three 3p orbitals,
and five 3d orbitals
Solution
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The number of
A. electrons that can occupy a p orbital is
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3
B. p orbitals in the 2p sublevel is
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3
C. d orbitals in the n = 4 energy level is
1) 1 2) 3 3) 5
D. Electrons that can occupy the 4f sublevel are
1) 2 2) 6 3) 14
Learning Check
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The number of
A. electrons that can occupy a p orbital is
2) 2
B. p orbitals in the 2p sublevel is
3) 3
C. d orbitals in the n = 4 energy level is
3) 5
D. Electrons that can occupy the 4f sublevel are
3) 14
Solution