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CE267F – High-Tech Building and Industrial Construction
Iris D. Tommelein, Professor
www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein215-A McLaughlin Hall
L1&2 - Fall 2001
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Course Logistics My background Handouts Class time and field trips Student information sheet Guest speakers Individual homework Term project in teams of 2-3 Reading materials Tao and Janis – textbook e-Reader on class website
www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein/CE267FF01HO1.htm
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Construction: a Service Industry
service = providing advice (knowledge) or support (skilled people) to the customer
(as opposed to simply handing over a product)
6% of workforce is employed directly in construction industry (5-6 mio workers) expenditures over $800 billion per year in new construction (65% of work) 7-11% of Gross Domestic Product
need to concurrently design the product and the process
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Characteristics
• One-off Projects• Complex Owner• Capital Intensive
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Industry Sectors
Residential 30-35% of market
Building 35-40%
Heavy Civil 20-25%
Industrial Construction 5-10%
Public 25% Private 75%
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Construction?
Architecture & Engineering Design 2-10% of Project Cost
Materials 40-70% of Project Cost
Construction 30-60% of Project Cost
MORE than design-construction integration
Feasibility & Concept
Development
Design
Procurement
Fabrication On-site
Construction O&M
Decommissioning
Turnover & Startup
PROJECT
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Objectives
faster – better – cheaperproductivity – quality – reliability
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Facility Need for Organizational Function
Architectural Charette to
Define Need
Proposal for Construction
Plan for Construction
Architectural Suppliers
Engineering Suppliers
Subcontractors
On-Site Construction
Financing Suppliers
Project Management
Supplier
Commodities, Contols and Bulk
Materials
Plan for Equiping Plant Equipment
Suppliers
Engineered Material Module
Suppliers
Plan for Use
Start-up of Use
Human Resources Suppliers
Regulation Compliance
Suppliers
Full Use to Meet Need
Equiping Plant
Construction Worker Suppliers
Material Suppliers
CONSTRUCTION BUSINESS
MODEL
Government Agency Suppliers
Construction Equipment Suppliers
Location Suppliers
James C. Hershauer
April 17, 2000
Facility, Utility, & Maintenance
Suppliers
Logistics Suppliers
Transportation Suppliers
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Construction Services
Concept development and Design Construction labor Operations and maintenance Manufacturing companies move into construction to deliver life-cycle solutions Developers lease and maintain ready-to-use facilities Financing, Legal advising, etc.
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Challenges
Product vs. Process Project vs. Production Centralized vs. Distributed Problem Solving, Decision Making, and Control Even big construction players ...
are still small Globalization vs. local construction e.g., engineering ‘around the clock’
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Transactional
Contracts For
Delivery
Faster Better CheaperProjects are becoming increasingly
challenging
Production Task
System
Organization
Stodgy- Simple- Slow- Certain
Dynamic- Complex- Quick- Uncertain
Relational Contracts
For Behavior
Lean Construction Institute 1998
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The SituationCustomers demand better performance.Projects are complex, uncertain, and quick.
Increasing % are brownfield projects (vs. greenfield)
Current management tools are appropriate for simple, slow, and certain. Technology is changing rapidly
Increasing number of technical systems in all facilities e.g., wired buildings for communication and environmental and safety
controls e.g., bridge and highway instrumentation
Specialty contractors know more Suppliers are moving into design & construction
Serious problems - inadequate partial solutions Working on the wrong problem = conceptual failure.
after Lean Construction Institute 1998
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“So complex that you have to be highly intelligent and well
informed just to be undecided about them.”
Laurence J. Peter
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Construction Management
Technical Issues Product Process
Contracting and Legal Issues Economical Issues Organizational Issues
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Technical Issues (mostly PRODUCT focused)
Quantitative Models Numerous Discipline-specific Design Tools Data exchange (integration, detailing, tolerances,
…)
Qualitative Models Databases Decision Capture and Analysis Tools (KBES,
data mining, ...) Web-based systems for communication
and collaboration, …
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Process Focus
Few problems are simple enough to allow for closed-form analytical solutionsHumans in the loopPlanning and Simulation Process Models with Resource Interactions Organizational Modeling Product Models
Object-oriented Databases 4 D CAD Animation
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Challenges
Hands-on Experience vs. Learned Theory Engineering vs. Management People
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Systems-level Theory
We have no explicit theory in the Architecture-Engineering-Construction (AEC) industry
Production Management Theory
is VERY Promising!
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Theory of Lean Production
Lean Production = Build to Order System akin to agile mfg., mass customization, …
Conversion, Flow, and Value Management of Uncertainties Throughput, cycle time, buffers (handoffs between
stations, time delays), etc. Concurrent engineering, set-based design, postponed
commitment, etc.
Extended to product development and delivery Adapted for project-based production
= Lean Construction
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Course Objectives Focus on Specialty Contracting Industry Impart Product Knowledge
Mechanical Systems incl. HVAC Power generation and Electrical Systems Plumbing and Piping Systems Building Controls Systems
Introduce Systems-level Engineering Tools Lean Construction Virtual Projects
Simulation and Prototyping Multiple participants and discipline teaming
Collaborative & Concurrent Engineering Supply-chain Management
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Considerations for making Product-Process Tradeoffs
Product Appearance, offering, purchase price, etc.
Process Procurement availability, ease of installation, etc.
TIC = Total Installed Cost O&M Operating cost (e.g., California Energy Crisis) Replacement labor
TCO = Total Cost of Operation Decommissioning Owner values What are yours?
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California Energy Crisis
Deregulation Alert levels Stage 3 alert: power reserves fall
below 1.5% of demand
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Building Development vs. Technological Innovation
Structural steel Taller buildings Elevators Increased floor plan Offices further from natural light Central core has no natural ventilation/cooling Air conditioning Additional lighting More heat Fluorescent light
Lower heat generation Lower power consumption
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Light Bulbs
Incandescent light bulb Compact fluorescent lamp
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Compact Fluorescent Bulb
From www.bulbs.com visited 8/24/01