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Bio211 - Laboratory 1
Microscope
Cellular Structure
Cell Cycle
Mitosis
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Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward
Material starting here will be tested on LECTURE Exam 1
Know these terms
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Body Sections
Know this
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Anatomical Subdivisions
Used most in clinical situations
Used most in surgical/anatomical study situations
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Body Regions
Fig 2.3 in Lab Manual
Know the terms on this slide and their locations on the body
END of material for LECTURE EXAM 1
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“Seeing” in Biology
• There are many different tools that biologists/anatomists can use to ‘see’ biological samples at high resolution. Some include:– Light microscope (2-D)*– Electron microscope*
• Transmission electron microscopy (2-D)• Scanning electron microscopy (3-D)
– Confocal laser scanning microscope (optical sections through a 3-D specimen; good for 3-D)
– Atomic force microscope (one of the most powerful tools for determining the surface topography of native biomolecules at subnanometer resolution)
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Resolving Power
From: http://www.mih.unibas.ch/Booklet/Lecture/Chapter1/Chapter1.html
Need a refresher on the metric system? See our course Web site in the “Study Guides and Helpers” Section
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Light Microscope
7.5 m (Use as a guide to size)Nucleus
(Erythrocytes)
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Transmission Electron Micrograph
RBC
From: http://www.upei.ca/~morph/webct/Modules/EM/EM.html
Two-dimensional representation of a 3-D object
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The Scanning Electron Microscope
From: http://www.mih.unibas.ch/Booklet/Lecture/Chapter1/Chapter1.html
No, although the hairdo is similar, this is NOT your instructor!!
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The Cell Cycle
• series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides
• stages • interphase• mitosis• cytoplasmic division• differentiation
G0
Differentiated cells may spend all their time in G0 (neurons, skeletal muscle, red blood cells)
Stem cells may never enter G0
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The Cell Cycle Must Have Controls
• If DNA is damaged, cell must NOT be allowed to enter mitosis
• DNA must be completely replicated before mitosis takes place
• At metaphase, the chromosomes must be correctly positioned at the spindle fiber equator
• Each phase of the cell cycle must be completed before the next is begun
• DNA/Cell replication must not proceed unless a ‘signal to proceed’ is received
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What are the Controls of the Cell Cycle?
• cell division capacities vary greatly among cell types• skin and bone marrow cells divide often• liver cells divide a specific number of times then cease
• chromosome tips (telomeres) that shorten with each mitosis provide a mitotic clock (cell senescence)
• cells divide to provide a more favorable surface area to volume relationship
• growth factors and hormones stimulate cell division• hormones stimulate mitosis of smooth muscle cells in uterus• epidermal growth factor stimulates growth of new skin
• tumors are the consequence of a loss of cell cycle control
• contact inhibition
• Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent kinases provide central control
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The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
• Review from Biology…
• What is the cell cycle? Why does mitosis happen?
INNKEEPER, POUR ME ANOTHER TEQUILA!
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The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
• INNKEEPER (INTERPHASE)
• POUR (PROPHASE)
• ME (METAPHASE)
• ANOTHER (ANAPHASE)
• TEQUILA (TELOPHASE/CYTOKINESIS)
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Interphase Cell
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Prophase
What structure joins the sister chromatids together?
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Metaphase
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Anaphase
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Telophase (and Cytokinesis)
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Plant Mitosis (Allium root tip)
Images from: http://biology.about.com/od/mitosis/ig/Mitosis-Image-Gallery/index.htm
TelophaseProphase
Anaphase
Interphase
Late anaphase /early telophase
Metaphase
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Reminders about using the microscope…
• Reminders for using microscope– Start at low power and locate a promising area to view at
higher power, center the object of interest, THEN go to higher power
– When you focus on an area under higher power, be sure to move the FINE focus up and down slightly to be sure you see everything you need to see
– Try and use both eyes (for a binocular scope)
– Review and USE the instruction sheet for Lab 1 in your Lab Guide that was handed out today!!
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Cellular Structure
• This should be a review from General Biology
• Use your textbook if necessary to label the composite cell Figure 5.5 (page 60) in your lab Manual.
• List a function for each of the cellular components you labeled (see page 59 Lab Manual).
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The Cell
Be able to label a figure like this (figure 5.5, page 60 in Lab Manual)
Give a function for each organelle
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The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
• Be sure you are able to recognize…– Each phase of mitosis– For each of the phases of mitosis you are required
to look at both:• Whitefish blastula• Allium root tip
• Use the photographs in Wood’s Lab Manual to guide you
• If you are still in doubt about something you see, just ASK!
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Lab Safety/Rules
• Please be sure to REVIEW the laboratory rules in your Laboratory Guide and SIGN the sheet on the bench in the front of the lab BEFORE YOU LEAVE TODAY.
• If you EVER have a question about something in the lab, always ASK before ACTING!
• There is NO FOOD OR DRINK allowed in the Science Department laboratories
• Open-toed shoes are not allowed in the Science labs
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What you should do in lab today…
• Refer to the Instructions for Laboratory 1 in your Laboratory Guide. If you think you have a question – READ IT AGAIN, THEN ASK!
• Before you leave the lab today…– Call me over to your lab table so I can check if your
group can recognize the different mitotic figures– Sign the Lab Safety Rules sign up sheet
Remember to try the Online Quizzes (on gserianne.com Web site) -AFTER you think you have mastered the material for a lab - and/or before the Lab Exam
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For next lab…
• Epithelial and Connective Tissue
– Read Exercises 7 and 8 in Wood’s Lab Manual
– Look at the histological photos in your Lab Manual and in your textbook (Ch. 4, Sec 1 and 2)
– Label the diagrams in your Lab Manual