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Antarctic Circumpolar Current
NADW AABW
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Circulation of Deep Waters in Southern Ocean
50ºS ACC 65ºS
Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) flows eastward and extends from surface into the Deep Sea
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N-S Cross Sections Atlantic Ocean
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Zonal (E-W) Cross Sections (at 7ºS) in Atlantic Ocean
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N-S Cross Sections in the Pacific Ocean
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Zonal (E-W) Cross Sections (30ºS) in Pacific Ocean
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North-South Cross Sections in Indian Ocean
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T and S in Atlantic versus Pacific Oceans
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Pot Temp (deg C)
Dep
th (m
)
N. Atl (40N)
S Atl (40S)
S. Pac (37S)
N Pac (49N)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
34.0 34.5 35.0 35.5 36.0
Salinity
Dep
th (
m)
N. Atl (40N)
S Atl (40S)
S. Pac (37S)
N Pac (49N)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
34.0 34.2 34.4 34.6 34.8 35.0 35.2
Salinity
Po
t T
em
p (
º C
)
N. Atl (40N)
S Atl (40S)
S. Pac (37S)
N Pac (49N)
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Nitrate Trends in Deep SeaAtlantic Ocean Southern Ocean Pacific Ocean
(umol/kg)
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Atlantic Ocean Southern Ocean Pacific Ocean
Oxygen Trends in Deep Sea
(umol/kg)
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CFC History in the Atmosphere
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CFCs in the N. Atlantic Ocean
E-W Cross Section at 10ºN (1993)
N-S Cross Section (1988)
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Theoretical Circulation for Deep Waters
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CFC Ages of Water Parcels in Deep Atlantic
Yea
rs
(~3000m)
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CFCs in Pacific Ocean
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Aging Deep Water using Radiocarbon (14C)
12C = 99% 13C= 1% 14C = 10-10 %
Radioactive Decay Equation
Nt = No * e-λt , where t = time and λ = 0.69/t½
t½ (half-life) = 5700 years for 14C
Nt/No = e-λt or ln (Nt/No) = - λt
Time (t) = -5700 yrs/0.69 * ln(Nt/No)
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14C Distribution in Deep Sea
(per mil)
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0
1000
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Interbasin Trends in 14C in Deep Sea
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Ocean’s Uptake of Fossil-fuel
Combustion CO2
Ocean adsorbs about one-third of the CO2 produced by fossil fuel combustion