Download - 1 Adapted from Ni et al Wireless Networking & Mobile Computing ECE 299.02 Spring 2007 Ian Wong
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1Adapted from Ni et al
Wireless Networking & Mobile Computing
ECE 299.02 Spring 2007
Ian Wong
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The Broadcast Storm Problem in a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network
Sze-Yao Ni, Yu-Chee Tseng, Yuh-Shyan Chen, Jang-Ping Sheu
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Background
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4Adapted from Ni et al
What are we looking at?
Mobile Ad-hoc networks No dedicated servers/base stations for the
entire network Units can move freely Utilizes CSMA without CD
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If you don’t know where they are…
What do you do?
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6Adapted from Ni et al
Broadcast!
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7Adapted from Ni et al
Broadcast!
Hi!!!
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8Adapted from Ni et al
Broadcast!
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9Adapted from Ni et al
So, what’s the problem?
Wireless CSMA inherently without CD, so a transmitter cannot inherently be aware of collisions
Broadcasts are spontaneous They happen whenever they need to
Broadcasts aren’t reliable A RTS/CTS and even an ACK are too much to
ask for!
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We’ve lost our reliable transport!
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11Adapted from Ni et al
How would it happen?
In a very nice, linear system…it works…
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12Adapted from Ni et al
But…?
Seven transmissions when only three are required!It’s like a flood! Hence….flooding!
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13Adapted from Ni et al
So, the problem ends up being…
Redundant rebroadcasts Propagating (rebroadcasting) an old packet to
a node is pointless!
Increased contention Spending time propagating an old packet
consumes unnecessary bandwidth
Increased collisions Without backoff mechanisms and RTS/CTS,
collisions occur more frequently
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14Adapted from Ni et al
So, about rebroadcasts…
They can be expensive! Use with caution!
•Where INTC(d) is the intersection area, where d є {0,r}
If d = r, then πr2 – INTC(r) ≈ 0.61πr2
Maximal improvement of at most 61% Average Improvements
•≈ 0.41πr2 for the first
•≈ 0.19πr2 for the second
•< 0.05πr2 for the fifth…
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Besides sheer area, once we’ve heard the first broadcast…
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16Adapted from Ni et al
…who’s the first to speak?An analysis of Contention The probability of contention can be
calculated by:
In the simplest case, when two receive the same broadcast, the chance of contention is ≈ 59% This probability increases with increasing local
density
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17Adapted from Ni et al
…Can you hear me now? Collisions!
CSMA/CA backs off if the carrier is busy But,
Overly quiet channels may lead many nodes to expend their backoff and transmit at the same time
No RTS/CTS dialogue precludes forewarning Without CD (collision detection), the host will
waste bandwidth until packet transmission completes
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So, given these problems…
…how could we solve them?
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What if…
…only a few need to yell?
An exercise in probability…
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20Adapted from Ni et al
A Probabilistic Approach
What does it mean? Always yelling once you’ve heard something
•Probability of P = 1
Maybe yelling once you’ve heard something•Probability of P < 1
Assumptions Assumes that the topology of the network is
fairly dense, or that the probabilities are selected based on the network topology
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So, since it’s probabilistic…
…what are the chances that it’ll be effective?
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22Adapted from Ni et al
First…what is effective?
Performance metrics Reachability
• Total # of reachable nodes/# of initially reachable nodes
Saved ReBroadcast•SRB = (r-t)/r
Average latency• tlast rebroadcast – tfirst broadcast
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Now that we’ve got metrics…
…how does our theory fare?
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24Adapted from Ni et al
Analysis of Probabilistic Propagation
SRB decreases by ~(1-P) as P increases Broadcast latency increases as P increases, but
more sparse networks complete broadcasting faster Why?
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One Mississippi, Two Mississippi…
Using Counters!
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26Adapted from Ni et al
Counting sheep…
Why count? Similar to deterministic probability
How do we do it? After hearing a message for the first time, start
a counter and count the number of overheard repeats
If after a random backoff the number of counts does not exceed threshold, rebroadcast the message
If the number of repeats exceeds the threshold before the time has elapsed, then do not propagate the message
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27Adapted from Ni et al
I count one sheep, two sheep,…
High RE in C ≥ 3 SRB decreases with decreasing density
Why? 27% to 67% savings for higher density maps
Low latency
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Why transmit purely at random…
…when you can transmit only if you gain an advantage?
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29Adapted from Ni et al
Leveraging distances!
Instead of simply counting, let’s improve that…why not look at additional coverage? Define minimum amount of extra coverage
calculated by πr2 – INTC(r) •Define a minimum distance D that provides at least a
certain amount of additional coverage
Out of all overheard transmissions, determine the distance dmin to the closest node.
If distance dmin < D, don’t transmit…
If distance dmin > D, propagate!
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30Adapted from Ni et al
Do levers work?
Ds selected as effective comparisons for Counter schemes Equally high RE as counter SRB significantly lower (10% to 37%) Higher latency
If counter and distance are so similar, why all these issues? At higher data rates, SRB and RE drops. Why?
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More area?
Is there a better way to estimate extra coverage?
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32Adapted from Ni et al
Location, location, location!
Given that we know relative distances, what about absolute distances? Acquire the location of broadcasting hosts to
precisely estimate coverage•Use external positioning devices, like GPS
Improves Distance-based topology Recalculate effective area when you hear each
new retransmission
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33Adapted from Ni et al
Absolute location locates absolutely…but does it help absolutely…?
High RE High SRB Lowest latency of four statistical/geometrical
methods
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Aside from statistics and geometry…
…how else can you maximize your throughput?
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35Adapted from Ni et al
Clusters
Go on…make little groups and talk to who’s around you… Each host knows who’s around it One card, low draw to see who gets to be the
local cluster head Local heads draw between one another to
figure out who is a global head How does this help?
Only the cluster heads need to retransmit to the cluster
Gateways need to retransmit between cluster heads
Members just sit and listen
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36Adapted from Ni et al
This ain’t no cluster…
Highest consistent SRB Lowest latency Significant drop in RE at low densities
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37Adapted from Ni et al
So…
One problem. Five approaches… V(aries), H(igh), M(edium), L(ow)
EffectivenessRE SRB Latency
Probabilistic V V M Counting H M L Distance H L M Location H H L Clustering V H L
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38Adapted from Ni et al
Not just probabilistic, but better!
Gossiping (Probabilistic Flooding) Difference from ideal situations and packet
collision issues due to phase transitions – small changes can cause large changes [3]
Hypergossiping [2] Partition nodes
•Efficient intra-partition forwarding
•Retransmit an adequate subset of messages on partition joins
Adapt gossiping probability to node density to reduce broadcast storms
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39Adapted from Ni et al
References
[1] Sze-Yao Ni, Yu-Chee Tseng, Yuh-Shyan Chen, Jang-Ping Sheu. The Broadcast Storm Problem in a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network
[2] Abdelmajid Khelil, Pedro Jose Marron, Christian Becker, Kurt Rothermel Hypergossiping: A Generalized Broadcast Strategy for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
[3] Yoav Sasson David Cavin Andr´e Schiper. Probabilistic Broadcast for Flooding in Wireless Mobile Ad hoc Networks