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Acoustic Phonetics
3/28/00
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Nasal Consonants• Produced with nasal radiation of acoustic
energy• Sound energy is transmitted through the
nasal cavity• Primary acoustic cues:–Murmur– Formant transitions
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Nasal Consonants• Murmur:– Low frequency energy– Low frequency resonance below 0.5 Hz– Three nasal consonants have similar but not exact
murmur patterns• Place of production relies on formant transitions
– Most productive as a manner cue– Antiformant production• Result in loss of acoustic energy because of damping in
the nasal cavity
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Nasal Murmurm na a
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Fricatives• Spectrum of noise is the acoustic cue & formant
transition• Specific location of turbulence– Labiodental /f,v/
• Low energy, flat diffuse spectra (front cavity is short with little filtering effect on noise energy)
– Linguadental /ð/• Low energy, flat and diffuse spectra (front cavity gives little
shaping to spectrum)– Lingu-alveolar /s, z/
• High energy noise spectra, energy lying in high frequencies (above 4 kHz) (front cavity longer contributing to distinctive spectral shaping)
– Linguapalatal /sh, zh/• Intense noise spectra, energy lying in mid to high frequencies
(above 2kHz) (front cavity significant resonance effect)
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Spectrum: Changing Pattern of Fricative Noise
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Spectrogram: Fricatives
Higher energy spectra Low to mid energy spectra
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Spectrogram: /thief/ spoken by a woman
th ie f
Similar frication pattern between /th/ & /f/
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Affricates
• Affricate consonants have a stop gap (silence, low energy interval) followed by intense frication– Stop gap= articulatory closure
– Frication= noise after closure is released
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Spectrogram: /judge/
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Glides
• Semivowels /j, w/
• Gradual transitions that appear on the spectrogram as a slowly changing formant pattern– Formant transitions:• Duration= 75-150 ms
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Spectrogram: Glides
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Liquids• Liquids /l, r/• Formant pattern steady state and transition is
the primary acoustic cue– Prolongation effects
• /l/ steady state formants– F1= 360 Hz– F2= 1300 Hz– F3= 2700 Hz
• /r/ steady state formants– Same F1 & F2 as /l/ but much lower F3
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Spectrogram: Liquids
r l
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Phonetic Quality: Suprasegmentals• Speech also consists of properties:– Speaking rate– Pitch– Intonation– Stress– Rhythm
• The influence of suprasegmentals extends beyond the boundaries of individual phonetic elements