Download - 0507 Grassland Management and Livelihood Development in NW China: Some Observations from Agroecology
Grassland Management and Livelihood Development in NW China:
Some Observations from Agroecology
Norman Uphoff, Cornell UniversityCOHD Workshop,
Yinchuan, Ningxia, August 7-8, 2005
Two Comments I Heard that are Reinforced by Much Experience
(1) As much as possible, use power of nature (Cheng Shu)
• Mechanical or engineering solutions often favored – terraces, fences as windbreaks, etc.
• Chemical solutions also favored – use of fertilizers, agrochemical control, etc.
• These have their place in most strategies – but as much as possible – and increasingly over time – mobilize biological processes
Two Comments I Heard that are Reinforced by Much Experience
(2) The biological foundations of grasslands are the fundamental issue (Ma Ming)
The life in the soil is basic to success – bacteria, fungi, earthworms, plant roots, and other organisms aggregate soil, retain water, mobilize nutrients, etc.
• Control erosion, resist effects of wind & rain
• Absorb and use rainfall, make it productive
• Maintain soil fertility – BNF, P solubilization
Two Concerns becoming Evident
(1) Climate change – will probably become worse --• This has a two-way effect with grasslands• This makes it even more important that we nurture
biological capacities to resist these changes, with:– Attention to the growth and health of roots– Attention to abundance and diversity of soil biota
(2) Uses of regulation and coercion – are often unsuccessful, and even counterproductive
(1) Should consider alternatives, e.g. rotational grazing, limitations on stocking, local regulation, pasture improvement, etc.
Community-Based Natural Resource Management
Depends on (a) government willingness to work out effective system with communities, and (b) local community management capacities
Some form of local organization is needed, probably combining formal and informal:
Four essential functions (of all organizations):• Decision-making for planning, implement, etc.• Resource mobilization and management• Communication and coordination• Conflict resolution and management
Carrying-Capacity as Concept
This has been a central concept for rangeland and grassland management – for decades
But it is being reconsidered in some circles
• Too mechanical, too deterministic,
• Not dynamic enough, biology is more variable
Rangelands/grasslands are renewable resources if managed within appropriate limitations
More intensive use can be, if managed correctly, more productive and more sustainable
Less Can Be MORE?I appreciated this suggestion very much – more
intensive and better management can pay off
Need strong government and local control so that nobody takes unfair advantage of the resources being created by better management
In the irrigated rice sector, we are seeing that LESS CAN BE MORE – fewer plants per m2, fewer plants per hill, younger and smaller plants, LESS WATER (25-50% reduction), better to use compost (biomass) than chem. fertilizer
Cambodian farmerwith rice plant
from single seedusing SRI methods
Roots of a single rice plant (MTU 1071) grown at Agricultural Research Station
Maruteru, AP, India, kharif 2003
SRI field in Cuba-- 2003CFA Camilo Cienfuegos14 t/ha – Los Palacios 9
Cuba – 52 DAP, Variety VN 2084
Cuba: Rice plants at same age (80 days) and same variety
SRI rice field, hybrid variety, Yunnan province, 2004 – 18 t/ha
Normal 3-S
Liu Zhibin, Meishan Institute of Science & Technology, inraised-bed, no-till SRI field with certified yield of 13.4 t/ha
Principles being adapted to other CropsWinter wheat in Poland; sugar cane, finger millet
and cotton in India; chickens in Cambodia
Not a technology but rather a methodology
• A set of concepts and principles for
• Mobilizing and capitalizing upon biological potentials that already exist in plants and animals and in the soil – if we understand and manage the soil as a living thing
• Our mismanagement makes it inert, dead