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Solar Thermal Technology
Edward C. Kern, Jr. with additions byJeff TesterSustainable Energy 10.391J, etc.
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Solar ThermalResource characteristics
High temperature for electric powergenerationMedium temperature for water heating and
comfort)
heating (human comfort)Heat for industrial processes
active building solar heating (human
Low temperature passive building solar
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Solar thermal using concentratorsFocusing requires direct, non-diffuse component
Storage or hybridization needed to be dispatchable
Distributed mid size capacity - parabolic troughs
1 -10 MWeDistributed smaller scale 10 kW -1 MWe dishesMedium temperature for water heating and active
building solar heating/cooling of buildings (HVAC)
Industrial process heat
Central station option -- power towers 10 100 MWe
-
Low temperature passive building solar heating
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Power tower with molten salt storage
Power Tower or Central Receiver
Cold SaltHot Salt
EPGS
288C565C
Energy collectiondecoupled from
power production
Heliostat
Conventional
Steam Generator
Courtesy of U.S. DOE.
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Power Towers
Courtesy of U.S. DOE.
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Heliostat FieldsCurrent heliostat
prices $125 to $159m -2
Reduction potentialfrom manufacturingscale-up
Innovative DesignsCompare with troughand PV
Courtesy of SunLab (Sandia National Laboratories and NREL partnership).
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Parabolic TroughsDeveloped by Luz for use in
Slowed thinking about largescale PV
Dispatchable hybrid design
storageParticipated commercially in1980s CA green powermarkets354 Megawatts installed by
still operating today
California in 1970s
with natural gas backup no
1991 at Kramer Junction, CA
Courtesy of NREL.
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Luz InternationalFailed commercially in1992 from:
Low natural gas and High maintenance cost Lack of certainty about tax
incentivesRestructured companystill in operation atKramer Junction
Along the learning curveon O+M innovations, e.g.receiver replacements andupgrades, storage,cleaning, etc.
electricity prices
Courtesy of SunLab (Sandia National Laboratories and NREL partnership).
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Dish technology
with Sterling cycle power generationSmall scale distributedapplicationsOf great interest to hightech industries andconsultantsMoving parts with 2-DtrackingExposed mirrorsShading and land useconsiderations
Courtesy of SunLab (Sandia National Laboratories and NREL partnership).
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Solar Thermal ChimneyHeated air, being lessdense, rises in tower;thermal source fromground based thermalcollector aroundperimeterConcept uses a windturbine in the towerflow to extract energyConceptual designs forIndia and Australia
Figure removed for copyright reasons.Source: New York Times.
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The Prototype Manzanares Solar
Chimney, SpainManzanares (south of
Madrid).Delivered power from July1986 to February 1989 witha peak output of 50 kW.Collector diameter of 240meters, with surface area of 46,000m 2.
Chimney was 10 meters indiameter and 195 meterstall.
Figure removed for copyright reasons.Source: New York Times.
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Not very practical or economic
Figure removed for copyright reasons.
Source: New York Times.
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Solar Heating of Buildings Active Systems
Can be captured in fixed or
tracking modes using flat
Even with storage needsbackup supplemental supply
Early history had many
In todays markets are easilysupported with subsidies inmid to high grade regions
available
Vary from ancient to hightech designs
Require integrated designsfor highest payback
plate or focusing collectors
failures robust systems now
Passive Systems
Figure removed for copyright reasons.Source: New York Times
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Solar Cooling of Buildings Active solar energy
capture used topower Rankinerefrigeration cycleLiBr absorption airconditioning for largebuilding(s)Thermal storage maybe required
Courtesy of NREL.
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Heating WaterFast growing under Carter
AdministrationPotential for 20-30%capture and use for year
round water heatingdemandsSubsidies in US led to rushto manufacture and installQuality was compromisedand when subsidies werecut off market collapsed
Lesson has been learned byPV advocatesCourtesy of NREL.
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Space & Water Heating Barriers
No subsidies to defray initial cost fromrestructuring of electric companies (onlyUS source of renewable energysubsidies)Little infrastructure to provide service
Overcoming bad reputation from the1980s
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Passive SolarSouthern openingsThermal mass fordiurnal stabilization
accept winter and rejectsummer direct radiationHard to characterizeand promote since allsouth facing glass ispassive solar
Window technolgy to
Courtesy of U.S. National Park Service.
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Central station electric power Wide areas of high temperature collectioninvolving tracking devices
Must have high direct normal resource andlots of land, access to transmission lines Thermodynamic cycle efficiency at end of
power efficiency Thermal storage enables dispatchability
Solar thermal summary -- part 1
process upper limit of 35 to 40% heat to
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Solar thermal summary--Distributed electric power generation
Requires direct normal resource, tracking and concentratingissues
dishes
Heat to power conversion still limits performance to 30 to40% efficiencySolar thermal heating
Passive and active system opportunities
less for spaceheating and cooling Market growth provides better service infrastructure and
more robust technology
part 2
Potential for smaller scale installation using troughs and
Wide applicability for domestic water heating,
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Value of Thermal StorageStorage benefits
1) Lowers LEC2) Increases market
valueDispatch to meetpeak loads
operation throughcloudsCapacity factors>70% possible
Solar salt
mid-night
noon mid-night
Sunlight
Output
Power
Energy in Storage
noonnight
Power
mid-night
noon
solar-only
plant
mid-
Output
Energy in Storage
midnight
SunlightSunlight
base-load
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Tower Technology ProjectionsSolar
OneSolar Two
Solar TresUSA
Solar 50
Solar 100
Solar 200
Solar 220
Design Details Units 1988 1999 2004 2006 2008 2012 2018Plant output, net MWe 10 10 13.7 50 100 200 220
# Plants built (A) Volume 1 1 1 5 22 6 1
# Plants built (B) Min Volume 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Heliostat size m 2 39 39/95 95 95 148 148 148
Heliostat type Std Std Std Std Std Std Adv
Storage Duration hours N/A 3 16 16 13 13 13
Rankine Cycle
Pressure Bar 125 125 180 180 180 180 300
Live steam Temp C 510 510 540 540 540 540 640
Reheat #1 Temp C 540 540 540 540 640
4/26/2005Reheat #2 Temp
Number of staff
C
32 33 30 38 47
540
6624
640
67
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Tower Installed Cost
0100
I n s t a
l l e d C o s
t ( $ / k W
o r
$ / k W p e a
k )
$/kWWater/
$/ le
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
Solar One "New"Solar Two
Solar TresUSA
Solar 50 Solar Solar 200 Solar 220
$/kWpeak
Aerospace GradeDemo Scale
Steam
Commercial
Receiver sizeHelio size &volume
Lg. Salt StorageEfficiency
EPGS sizeReceiver size
$/kW eak = kW / Solar Multi
Switch to salt HTFDemo scaleCosts assuming new,"commercial" plant isbuilt
EPGS effic.Helio designadvances
L li d El i i
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ower Levelized Electricity
Cost (LEC)
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600
Two
L E C ( $ / k W
h )
( )
Solar One "New" Solar Solar TresUSA
Solar 50 Solar 100 Solar 200 Solar 220
FCR=14%FCR=8%
ExpensivePrototypeDemo Plants
'Commercial' Plants
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L E C ( $ / k W h )
(B)
(B)
Commercial Plant LEC
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.200
Solar Tres Solar 50 Solar 100 Solar 200 Solar 220
FCR=14%FCR=8%Min Deploy
Min DeployFinancial
Terms
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Heliostat Cost
Current heliostat prices Numerous studies byindustry, labs
A.D. Little 2001 studyestimated price at $128/m 2installed (not including $5-
10/m 2 for controls) Spanish company publicoffered heliostats for sale
at $120/m 2 $145/m 2 used for SolarTres USA
Cost Reduction